Clinopodium vulgare L. (wild basil) extract and its active constituents modulate cyclooxygenase-2 expression in neutrophils

Abstract

Clinopodium vulgare L. (wild basil) has a wide range of ethnopharmacological applications and accumulates a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds, recognized for their anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The triggered cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment in the inflamed tissue and considered to be the main cause of failure of even new anticancer-/immune-therapies. Nowadays, selective and novel plant-derived COX-2 inhibitors with safe profile are subject of profound research interest. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of C. vulgare and search for phenolic molecules with potential biological properties. By application of 1 H and 2D-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) profiling, caffeic, chlorogenic acids and catechin were identified along with a bunch of primary and secondary metabolites. Further, the biological effect of C. vulgare extract (CVE) and its constituents on zymosan-induced COX-2 expression and apoptosis of murine neutrophils have been studied. The CVE, caffeic and chlorogenic acids inhibited zymosan-induced COX-2 expression in bone marrow neutrophils, in vitro and in vivo activated. The obtained data indicate that CVE may have a good potential to manipulate neutrophil functions, however, its action may depend on the cellular state, the inflammatory milieu and the relative content of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in the extract.

1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolite profiling of guava leaf extract: an attempt to develop a prototype for standardization of plant extracts

“…The 1 H NMR spectral data for the guava extracts showed signals in the aliphatic and aromatic regions, suggesting that both primary and secondary metabolites were present in these hydroalcoholic extracts. Though The OPLS-DA analysis could clearly distinguish between the different regions and seasons as also reported earlier by others [5][6][7], the results showed that no extract showed either good or poor activity across all seven bioassays undertaken. Even with respect to a single assay, multiple peaks were identified correlating with the activity (Table 3).…”

“…Currently hyphenated techniques like Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) and Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) have also been used for their robustness and higher sensitivity of detection [1]. NMR-based studies due to its reproducibility have been undertaken for plant metabolites grown in varying controlled environments [4] or linkage of one or two activities to the metabolic profile of the extracts [5,6]. Another application of this has been in quality control [7].…”

Authenticity and quality evaluation of different Rhodiola species and commercial products based on NMR‐spectroscopy and HPLC

“…The NMR‐based metabolomics and fingerprint profiling appeared effective approaches for identification and quantification of diverse groups of primary and secondary metabolites in complex plant extracts 36 . Thus, starting as a holistic approach to identify the possible active molecules of a herbal mixture, these approaches have been utilised in uncovering unique fingerprints and biomarker molecules that are responsible for the pharmacological activity and quality assessment of plant derived preparations 37 . In our research group, NMR‐based metabolomics platform has been exclusively applied to clarify the chemotaxonomic classification of different Verbascum species, 38 study the specific metabolites or their variations in different plant parts of several medicinal species, such as Clinopodium vulgare , 37 Sambucus ebulus , 39 R. rosea 6,26 or its commercial preparations 7 …”

Compounds with Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activity Identified in Wine from Hungary’s Tokaj Region via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics Analyses

“…From the 20 identified anti-inflammatory molecules, eight phenolic compounds, rhododendrin, caffeic acid, ethyl caffeate, chlorogenic acid, ethyl gallate, fertaric acid, quercetin and taxifolin were identified. Their anti-inflammatory effects involve the inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 and toll-like receptor 7 mediated signal transduction pathways [78,79], suppression of the NF-κB pathway [80][81][82][83][84][85][86], downregulation of COX-2 expression [87], a decrease in the level of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and INF-γ [88][89][90], and reduced NO production [91]. In addition to phenolic components, tetrahydroharman-3-carboxylic acid, achalensolide, (E)-p-coumaric acid, zedoarondiol, asperlin, 9S, 13R-12-oxophytodienoic acid, dehydrocostus lactone, eicosapentaenoic acid, indole-3-carbinol, kynurenic acid, melatonin, and umbelliferone were also identified as molecules with anti-inflammatory activity.…”