Clinicopathological correlation of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: Cervical cancer is a common cancer in females. Clinicopathological features vary and are heterogeneous in different studies. This study was taken up to know the clinicopathological correlation in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix in our population. Methods: This is a cross-section study. Histologically confirmed cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix are considered. Clinical history, socio-demographic details, clinical findings including stage and histological grade of the disease are noted and statistically analyzed. Result: The age range of cases was 30-80 years, with a mean of 54.2±12.0. The age range at marriage was 12-23 years, with a mean of 15.7±2.1. Parity ranged from 1 to 11, with a mean of 3.6±1.6. The p-value between bleeding pervagina and other symptoms versus no bleeding per-vagina and other symptoms, stage of disease between pre & peri-menopausal, and post-menopausal cases were 0.011 and 0.020, respectively. Growth followed by bleeding was common clinical findings. The p-value between the stage of the disease and age, histological grade and parity, histological grade and clinical features was 0.032, 0.001, and 0.031 respectively. Conclusion: Younger age group cases and pre & peri-menopausal women present the disease at an early stage. Older age women present at an advanced stage. Higher parity had a higher risk of cervical cancer of well differentiated SCC. Bleeding per-vagina was a more common clinical presentation in post-menopausal women. Clinical features of bleeding per vagina with other symptoms were more common in well differentiated SCC.

Incidence and Clinicopathological Correlation of Cervical Cancer in a Tertiary Care Center: A 5-year Retrospective Study

“…Jain et al and Patil et al also showed similar findings as the present study except for irregular bleeding being a more common presentation than the present study. 2,12 The most frequent finding was growth, as reported by Raju et al (65.3%) followed by bleeding and erosion. Similar findings were seen in the present study with growth in 66.2% cases.…”

“…Similar age distribution was also seen in the present study. 2,12 Most of the time, early cervical cancer has no symptoms. Vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, or discharge may be the presenting features.…”

“…In the present study, only 1% of the cases had normal cervix. 2,11 Majority of cervical cancers were SCC. The lesion arises from squamocolumnar junction and may be keratinizing or nonkeratinizing type (well-differentiated or poorly differentiated carcinoma).…”

“…However, owing to the well-programmed screening procedures in developed countries, the incidence and mortality decreased by 75-80%. 2 Unlike most other malignancies, cancer cervix is easily preventable. Pap smear is easy, simple, and effective screening tool for the detection of early epithelial cell abnormalities.…”

“…The other risk factors are early marriage, early age of first sexual intercourse, early age of first pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, increased parity, use of oral contraceptive pills, multiple sexual partners, low socioeconomic status with nutritional and vitamin deficiencies, poor genital hygiene especially penile hygiene of a male partner, women living in rural areas, African-American race, tobacco smoking, sexually transmitted disease, herpes simplex virus infection, coinfection with HIV, immune compromised status (especially in renal transplant cases), and genetic susceptibility. 2 However, the lack of awareness of screening programs, poor hygiene, geographical inaccessibility, low socioeconomic status, and failure to attend regular health campaigns are some of the major factors responsible for the rising trends of carcinoma cervix in India. 3 Moreover, the lack of an oncologist and negligence of initial symptoms along with financial constraints are responsible for a late presentation and diagnosis in our country.…”