Clinicopathologic Features of Experimental<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>Type D Enterotoxemia in Cattle

Filho, Elias Jorge Facury; Carvalho, A.Ú.; Assis, Ronnie Antunes de; Lobato, F. F.; Rachid, Milene Alvarenga; Carvalho, Andreia; Ferreira, Paulo Marcos; Nascimento, Ricardo Aurélio Pinto; Fernandes, André Almeida; Vidal, Jorge E.; Uzal, Francisco A.

doi:10.1354/vp.08-vp-0304-u-fl

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Loss of pupillary light reflex, blindness, strabismus, bruxism and hypersalivation have also been reported (Uzal and others 2002, Filho and others 2009). In the naturally occurring cases described in this study, veterinary examination had not been carried out due to the sudden onset of the illness and the short clinical phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental inoculation of calves with epsilon toxin intraduodenally and intravenously produced clinical and pathological lesions similar to the disease in sheep (Uzal and others 2002, Filho and others 2009). It must however be noted that the diagnostic criteria for C. perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia in cattle have not been defined, and it cannot be said for certain that an animal with perivascular proteinaceous oedema and FSE succumbed to C. perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Clostridium perfringens type‐D enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin

Jones¹,

Dagleish

Caldow³

2015

Veterinary Record

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The aims of this study were to describe 42 cases of Clostridium perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia in cattle seen between 2003 and 2014 and to determine the diagnostic value of detecting epsilon toxin in bovine intestinal content. All cases in the series had histological brain changes considered pathognomonic for C. perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia in sheep and goats and the epsilon toxin of C. perfringens was concurrently detected in the intestinal contents of 15 (36 per cent) cases. The data from the case series indicate that intestinal epsilon toxin has a sensitivity of 56 per cent compared with histology of the brain for diagnosis of bovine C. perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia. The diagnostic specificity of detecting epsilon toxin in bovine intestinal content was investigated by screening intestinal contents of 60 bovine carcases submitted for postmortem examination. Epsilon toxin was detected in 11 (18 per cent) carcases but no pathognomonic histological brain change was found in any. The specificity of intestinal epsilon toxin was estimated to be 80.4 per cent. These studies demonstrate that for a definitive diagnosis of C. perfringens type-D enterotoxaemia in cattle histological examination of the brain is essential as the presence of epsilon toxin in the intestinal contents alone is neither sensitive nor specific enough.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Clostridium perfringens type‐D enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin

Jones¹,

Dagleish

Caldow³

2015

Veterinary Record

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“…Starch overload in the small intestine of sheep and goats has been implicated in providing a most suitable substrate leading to toxin production. 4 However, this has not been proven, and cases of enterotoxemia have been observed in sheep and goats on a constant hay diet. In the present case, the calves received an alfalfa hay and oat hay-based diet with no grain for at least 2 weeks before onset of disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Lesions Associated WithClostridium perfringensType D Epsilon Toxin in a Holstein Heifer Calf

Mete¹,

García

Ortega

et al. 2013

Vet Pathol

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A 6-month-old dairy heifer calf with no premonitory signs was acutely down after the morning feeding and could not rise. On presentation, the heifer was in right lateral recumbency and moribund with opisthotonus and left hind limb paddling. Following euthanasia, gross examination of the brain revealed multifocal loss of gray-white matter distinction and extensive petechiae throughout the brainstem. On histopathological examination, there was striking white matter edema and marked perivascular proteinaceous edema surrounding many arterioles and venules (microangiopathy), mainly in the white matter of the internal capsule, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebellar peduncles. The perivascular neuropil was strongly positive for Alzheimer precursor protein A4. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin was detected in the intestinal contents. This is the first report of microangiopathy in postneonatal cattle associated with the detection of epsilon toxin in the intestinal contents.

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“…FSE has also been described as a spontaneous lesion in cattle, but to date the etiology has not been definitely established and no casual relationship has been established between this condition and C. perfringens epsilon toxin (Buxton et al 1981). However, recently FSE was experimentally produced in cattle inoculated intraduodenally with C. perfringens type D (Facury Filho et al 2009), which suggests that the spontaneous cases of this condition previously described in cattle (Buxton et al 1981) are indeed, produced by C. perfringens type D. FSE is not a usual feature of goat enterotoxemia, although this lesion has also recently been reported for the first time in goats (Oliveira et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in sheep

et al. 2010

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Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (FSE) is the most prominent lesion seen in the chronic form of enterotoxemia by Clostridium perfringens type D. This paper reports FSE in sheep in Brazil. Six deaths occurred within a seven days period in a flock of 70, four to 30-month-old Santa Inês sheep in the state of Paraíba in the Brazilian semiarid. The flock was grazing a paddock of irrigated sprouting Cynodon dactylon (Tifton grass), and supplemented, ad libitum, with a concentrate of soybean, corn and wheat. Nervous signs included blindness and recumbence. A 19 month-old sheep was examined clinically and necropsied after a clinical course of three days. Gross lesions were herniation of the cerebellar vermis and multifocal, bilateral, symmetric brownish areas in the internal capsule, thalamus and cerebellar peduncles. Histologic lesions were multifocal, bilateral malacia with some neutrophils, swelling of blood vessels endothelium, perivascular edema, and hemorrhages. The flock was vaccinated, before the outbreak, with only one dose of Clostridium perfringens type D vaccine. Two factors are suggested to be important for the occurrence of the disease: insufficient immunity due to the incorrect vaccination; and high nutritional levels by the supplementation with highly fermentable carbohydrates.

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Clinicopathologic Features of ExperimentalClostridium perfringensType D Enterotoxemia in Cattle

Cited by 42 publications

References 24 publications

Clostridium perfringens type‐D enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin

Clostridium perfringens type‐D enterotoxaemia in cattle: the diagnostic significance of intestinal epsilon toxin

Brain Lesions Associated WithClostridium perfringensType D Epsilon Toxin in a Holstein Heifer Calf

Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia in sheep

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