“…Relevant substances, such as neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin, liver-type fatty acid binding protein, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1, N-acetyl-beta-Dglucosaminidase, nestin, and interleukin-18 have all been well studied in the clinical setting in China. [38][39][40][41][42][43] In addition to those protein or peptide biomarkers, nucleic acids such as circulating microRNA have been added to the growing list of potentially useful biomarkers of AKI. 44 In a study involving 120 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery, urinary and plasma microRNA-21(miR-21) were identified to be associated with severe AKI and other poor postoperative outcomes of cardiac surgery, indicating their potential use as prognostic markers.…”