Clinical Translation of Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) occur in a variety of bodily fluids and have gained recent attraction as natural materials due to their bioactive surfaces, internal cargo, and role in intercellular communication. EVs contain various biomolecules, including surface and cytoplasmic proteins; and nucleic acids that are often representative of the originating cells. EVs can transfer content to other cells, a process that is thought to be important for several biological processes, including immune responses, oncogenesis, and angiogenesis. An increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EV biogenesis, composition, and function has led to an exponential increase in preclinical and clinical assessment of EVs for biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and drug delivery. Bacterium‐derived EV vaccines have been in clinical use for decades and a few EV‐based diagnostic assays regulated under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have been approved for use in single laboratories. Though, EV‐based products are yet to receive widespread clinical approval from national regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA), many are in late‐stage clinical trials. This perspective sheds light on the unique characteristics of EVs, highlighting current clinical trends, emerging applications, challenges and future perspectives of EVs in clinical use.

Fusion of Exosomes and Nanotechnology: Cutting-Edge Cancer Theranostics

“… Role of exosomes in translational research . Reproduced with permission under Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license from ref . Copyright 2023 Wiley.…”

Silk fibroin and hydroxypropyl cellulose composite injectable hydrogel-containing extracellular vesicles for myocardial infarction repair

“…EVs are richly encapsulated with cargo containing nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. And they play an important role in regulating physiological activities as intercellular delivery carriers for a variety of molecules [6][7][8]. Recent studies have shown that EVs not only promote recovery of cardiac function and reduce scar formation, but also improve cardiomyocyte survival and promote angiogenesis [9][10][11].…”

Utilizing Magnetic Levitation to Detect Lung Cancer-Associated Exosomes

“…Tetraspanins such as CD9, CD36, CD44, CD63, CD81, and CD151 are membrane proteins found in exosomes and are investigated as potential biomarkers for various types of cancer. However, due to the requirement of expertise, developed facilities, or both, current ExoMP detection methods such as ELISA, western blot, and EV arrays that investigate cancer diagnosis are quite demanding. − …”

“…However, due to the requirement of expertise, developed facilities, or both, current ExoMP detection methods such as ELISA, western blot, and EV arrays that investigate cancer diagnosis are quite demanding. 11 − 16 …”