Fusion of Exosomes and Nanotechnology: Cutting-Edge Cancer Theranostics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, play crucial roles in cellular communication and disease processes. Among these, exosomes are particularly significant for diagnosing, and cancer (which remains a leading cause of death worldwide). Exosomes offer cutting‐edge approaches in cancer nanomedicine, cancer biomarkers investigation (diagnosis and prognosis), and therapeutic. Exosomes are found in several body fluids (Blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sweat, CSF, tear). It transforms the liquid biopsy method with more specificity. Exosome‐based sensor (electrochemical and aptamer‐based) developers were more effective and sensitive for cancer scanning. Therapeutic prospect stem cell‐derived exosomes, and plant‐derived exosomes become more promising. Due to its non‐toxicity (depending on the source), non‐immunogenic, biocompatibility and ability to cross biological membranes. Exosomes are an exciting nano‐drug transporter with specificity. Current time‐modified exosomes support to development of effective, efficient, and cost‐effective nanomedicine against cancer. Advanced nanotechnology and exosome combining (single exosome profiling, exosome barcoding)transform cancer theranostics approaches. Exosomes introduce a new horizon of cancer nanomedicine.

The prospective trajectory of exosomes‐based cancer nanomedicine

Mirgh,

Sonar,

Nyahatkar

et al. 2024

Role of vertical circulating exosomes biomarkers in preeclampsia

Kalele,

Nyahatkar,

Sonar

et al. 2024

Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health. Recent research highlights the potential of vertical circulating exosomes (VCEs) as biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of preeclampsia. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication, carry bioactive molecules that are messengers of the parental cell status (healthy or undergoing any pathological condition). In preeclampsia, alterations in the cargo of VCEssuch as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids play the role of biomarkers in pathophysiology complications. These exosomal contents can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, immune response dysregulation, and placental abnormalities. Early identification of specific exosomal biomarkers may facilitate timely therapeutic interventions, improving outcomes for both mother and child. This article explores the emerging role of VCEs in preeclampsia, emphasizing their diagnostic and prognostic potential, and underscores the need for further research to validate these biomarkers and integrate them into clinical practice.

Tumor and cancer stem cells‐derived exosomes interplay: A secret of cancer complications

Sonar,

Nyahatkar,

Kalele

2024

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of tumor cells, efficient in self‐renewal within the tumor and also play a vital role in cancer resistance and metastasis. Recent cancer research has focused on exosomes, a tiny subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), known for their role in intercellular communication, and significantly contributing to tumor development and metastasis (Tumor derived exosomes‐TEXs). These exosomes complicate cancer treatment by promoting tumor and CSC formation and developing drug and therapeutic resistance. This article explores how tumor‐derived exosomes impact CSC survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapies, leading to tumor recurrence. In a tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting exosomes could disrupt CSC communication and improve cancer treatment efficacy. Current studies highlight the role of CSCs exosomes in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Understanding CSCs exosome‐based cell‐to‐cell communication in tumor opens a new horizon in cancer therapeutics development.