Clinical Toxicity of Nanomedicines

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and Musa acuminata (banana) were chosen for the study, and aqueous extracts of spinach leaf extract (SLE) and banana peel extract (BPE) were prepared for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), and their antibacterial potential against pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (MTTC 1133) and Escherichia coli (MTTC 62) was evaluated. In 10 minutes at 60°C, the color of the mixture (FeCl3+SLE) changed from light green to dark blackish-brown, and the color of the mix (FeCl3+BPE) changed from transparent yellow to dark black, confirming the synthesis of FeNPs from SLE and BPE, respectively. The UV-Vis spectra of spinach- and banana-derived FeNPs revealed two peaks ranging from 240 to 430 nm and multiple peaks at 240, 270, and 395 nm, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used to show different functional groups on BPE and SLE, and their role in FeNP synthesis was predicted. TEM micrographs showed that the particles were in nanoscale, ranging in size from 20 to 50 nm for BPE-derived FeNPs and 10 to 70 nm for SLE-derived FeNPs. The FeNP (BPE and SLE) XRD analysis revealed amorphism, with a weak iron characteristic peak, indicating noncrystallinity. The antibacterial potential of BPE- and SLE-FeNPs was investigated, and inhibition zones (mm) against B. subtilis ( 22.70 ± 0.4 ) and E. coli ( 20.45 ± 1.66 ) were observed, as well as SLE-FeNPs against B. subtilis ( 23.56 ± 1.00 ) and E. coli ( 20.33 ± 0.58 ). There were no significant differences in antibacterial activities between BPE-FeNPs and SLE-FeNPs. Positive controls were tetracycline and gentamicin, both standard antibiotics, at 5 μg/disk. SLE- and BPE-derived green FeNPs were also analysed in vivo of D. melanogaster life history traits, i.e., fecundity, hatchability, viability, and duration of development for toxicity evaluation. SLE- and BPE-derived green FeNPs at a concentration of 10 mg/L were fed flies compared to normal diet-fed flies (control sample), and no significant differences were observed between them. The findings suggest that FeNPs have a high antibacterial potential and could be used as antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria while being nontoxic in nature.

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“…This finding again confirms the nontoxic nature of FeNPs. Similar findings were found by other researchers [71][72][73].…”

Section: In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation Of Sle-and Bpe-derivedsupporting

confidence: 93%

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Spinach Leaf and Banana Peel Aqueous Extracts and Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential

Tyagi¹,

Gupta²,

Tyagi

et al. 2021

Journal of Nanomaterials

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“…The toxicity of nanoformulations is one of the most important challenges limiting the clinical translation of NPs. Regulatory agencies ensure that any nanomedicine must demonstrate a rigorous safety profile based on multiple key factors, such as physicochemical properties and route of administration [302].…”

Section: Regulation Of In Vivo Assays On Npsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development

et al. 2022

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Nanomedicine plays an essential role in developing new therapies through novel drug delivery systems, diagnostic and imaging systems, vaccine development, antibacterial tools, and high-throughput screening. One of the most promising drug delivery systems are nanoparticles, which can be designed with various compositions, sizes, shapes, and surface modifications. These nanosystems have improved therapeutic profiles, increased bioavailability, and reduced the toxicity of the product they carry. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines requires a thorough understanding of their properties to avoid problems with the most questioned aspect of nanosystems: safety. The particular physicochemical properties of nano-drugs lead to the need for additional safety, quality, and efficacy testing. Consequently, challenges arise during the physicochemical characterization, the production process, in vitro characterization, in vivo characterization, and the clinical stages of development of these biopharmaceuticals. The lack of a specific regulatory framework for nanoformulations has caused significant gaps in the requirements needed to be successful during their approval, especially with tests that demonstrate their safety and efficacy. Researchers face many difficulties in establishing evidence to extrapolate results from one level of development to another, for example, from an in vitro demonstration phase to an in vivo demonstration phase. Additional guidance is required to cover the particularities of this type of product, as some challenges in the regulatory framework do not allow for an accurate assessment of NPs with sufficient evidence of clinical success. This work aims to identify current regulatory issues during the implementation of nanoparticle assays and describe the major challenges that researchers have faced when exposing a new formulation. We further reflect on the current regulatory standards required for the approval of these biopharmaceuticals and the requirements demanded by the regulatory agencies. Our work will provide helpful information to improve the success of nanomedicines by compiling the challenges described in the literature that support the development of this novel encapsulation system. We propose a step-by-step approach through the different stages of the development of nanoformulations, from their design to the clinical stage, exemplifying the different challenges and the measures taken by the regulatory agencies to respond to these challenges.

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“…Also, most of these materials have proven biocompatibility on the long-term application on skin tissues. The degradation products from these materials are resorbed by the body without eliciting immune responses (Ahamad et al, 2020;Zolnik et al, 2010). Organic nanocarriers have been extensively used for controlled delivery of a variety of antiaging agents ranging from pharmaceutical drugs, antioxidants, vitamins, peptides, and enzymes in different applications.…”

Section: Nanoparticles As Antiaging Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of inorganic nanoparticles in antiaging application is majorly seen in developing more effective sunscreens, antiaging cream, moisturizers, perfumes, and other self-care products. Although, long-term application of inorganic nanoparticles seems apprehensive due to toxicity concerns (Ahamad et al, 2020;Gurunathan et al, 2018), however, research has led to the synthesis of safer and more biocompatible inorganic nanoparticles (Abbasi et al, 2019;. In contrast to organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles can be fabricated using simpler techniques with significantly small sizes and simultaneously offer tremendous scope for surface modification.…”

Section: Nanoparticles As Antiaging Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important aspect in determining the toxicity of nanomaterials is the degradability of nanoparticles. Biodegradable nanoparticles are relatively safer as compared to nondegradable nanoparticles (Ahamad et al, 2020). Various metallic nanoparticles have been known to cause skin sensitization and allergies by modulating immune responses.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoparticle platforms for dermal antiaging technologies: Insights in cellular and molecular mechanisms

Bhatia

Kumari

Sharma

et al. 2021

WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

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Aging is a continuous process defined by a progressive functional decline in physiological parameters. Skin, being one of the most vulnerable organs, shows early signs of aging which are predominantly affected by intrinsic factors like hormone, gender, mood, enzymes, and genetic predisposition, and extrinsic factors like exposure to radiation, air pollution, and heat. Visible morphological and anatomical changes associated with skin aging occur due to underlying physiological aberrations governed by numerous complex interactions at cellular and subcellular levels. Nanoparticles are perceived as a powerful tool in the cosmeceutical industry both for augmenting the efficacy of existing agents and as a novel standalone therapy. Both organic and inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in antiaging applications. The use of nanoparticles helps to enhance the activity of antiaging molecules by selectively targeting cellular and molecular pathways. On the other hand, the nanoparticle platforms also gained increasing popularity as the skin protectant against extrinsic factors such as UV radiation and pollutants. This review comprehensively discusses skin aging and its mechanism by highlighting the impact on cellular, subcellular, and epigenetic elements. Importantly, the review elaborates on the examples of organic and inorganic nanoparticle-based formulations developed for antiaging application and provides mechanistic insights on how they modulate the mechanisms of skin aging. The clinical progress of nanoparticle antiaging technologies and factors that impact clinical translation are also explored.

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Clinical Toxicity of Nanomedicines

Cited by 5 publications

References 106 publications

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Spinach Leaf and Banana Peel Aqueous Extracts and Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Spinach Leaf and Banana Peel Aqueous Extracts and Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development

Nanoparticle platforms for dermal antiaging technologies: Insights in cellular and molecular mechanisms

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