Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

Kotler, Donald P.; Orenstein, Jan M.

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60126-8

Cited by 138 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Microsporidia infect a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, and approximately 14 species have been reported to infect humans (Kotler and Orenstein 1999). Of these, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi have been reported to be zoonotic and to infect domestic animals and livestock (Deplazes et al 1996(Deplazes et al , 2000Bornay-Llinares et al1998;Breitenmoser et al 1999;Rinder et al 2000;Buckholt et al 2002;Graczyk et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and microsporidia can infect a variety of non-human hosts (Wolfe 1992;Graczyk et al 1997;Kotler and Orenstein 1999), identification of human-infectious species is a challenge. Another challenge is the determination of the viability of these environmentally recovered pathogens, as they may be non-viable and thus not of epidemiological importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland

et al. 2004

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Zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha) from throughout the Shannon River drainage area in Ireland were tested for the anthropozoonotic waterborne parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, by the multiplexed combined direct immunofluorescent antibody and fluorescent in situ hybridization method, and PCR. Parasite transmission stages were found at 75% of sites, with the highest mean concentration of 16, nine, and eight C. parvum oocysts, G. lamblia cysts, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores/mussel, respectively. On average eight Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores/mussel were recovered at any selected site. Approximately 80% of all parasites were viable and thus capable of initiating human infection. The Shannon River is polluted with serious emerging human waterborne pathogens including C. parvum, against which no therapy exists. Zebra mussels can recover and concentrate environmentally derived pathogens and can be used for the sanitary assessment of water quality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland

et al. 2004

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“…Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the microsporidian species most frequently found in human infections, which are characterized by chronic diarrhea (van Gool et al 1995;Kotler and Orenstein 1998). This species has also been found in other mammals, including pigs (Desplazes et al 1996;Breitenmoser et al 1999;Rinder et al 2000;Dengjel et al 2001), cattle (Rinder et al 2000;Dengjel et al 2001;Fayer et al 2003a;Sulaiman et al 2004), rhesus macaques (Mansfield et al 1997), goats (Lores et al 2002), a llama (Dengjel et al 2001), and cats and dogs ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in post-weaned dairy calves in the eastern United States

Santı́n¹,

Trout

Fayer

2004

Parasitol Res

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Fecal specimens were obtained from 3- to 8-month-old post-weaned dairy calves on farms in Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida. After removal of fecal debris by sieving and density gradient centrifugation, 59 of 452 calves (13%) from 11 farms in six states were found positive for Enterocytozoon bieneusi by PCR and DNA sequence analysis. Based on gene sequence data this genotype of E. bieneusi found in post-weaned calves was 100% identical to that found in pre-weaned calves in North America and differed by only two positions in 1,069 base pairs from specimens analyzed from humans. However, compared with previous reports, the prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in post-weaned than in pre-weaned calves from many of the same farms.

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“…Hepatobiliary and pulmonary involvement have also been observed [2][3][4], and individuals without AIDS can be infected [5]. Rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection can be infected experimentally with E. bieneusi from AIDS patients, but do also acquire the infection spontaneously [6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecies transmission of Enterozytozoon bieneusi supported by observations in laboratory animals and phylogeny

Drosten

Laabs

Kühn

et al. 2005

Med Microbiol Immunol

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is emerging as an important cause of chronic diarrhoea in AIDS patients. Its reservoirs and transmission patterns are unknown. In this study, we have examined E. bieneusi sequences from four Rhesus macaques of different origin, which were kept at one animal facility. The sequences were identical in all animals, which suggested that infection had occurred within the facility. Full sequence agreement of E. bieneusi from macaques was found with an E. bieneusi genotype that occurs frequently in humans. To clarify, the relevance of possible inter-species transmission from man to macaque, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted including all sequences of E. bieneusi deposited in GenBank. The hitherto used system of diverse nomenclatures could be reduced to an outlier group and three main lineages, one of which could be further sub-divided into five subgroups. Based in this phylogeny, an association of parasites and host species could be observed for main lineages 2 and 3, as well as for most of the subgroups of main lineage 1. For confirmation, the phylogeny of main lineage 1 was reconstructed with an alternative method of distance estimation, yielding essentially the same parasite-host associations. Zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi is thus supported on a phylogenetic basis.

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Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

Cited by 138 publications

References 149 publications

Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland

Human waterborne parasites in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the Shannon River drainage area, Ireland

Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in post-weaned dairy calves in the eastern United States

Interspecies transmission of Enterozytozoon bieneusi supported by observations in laboratory animals and phylogeny

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