Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

Kotler, Donald P.; Orenstein, Jan M.

doi:10.1128/9781555818227.ch8

Cited by 49 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…The intracellular stages consist of parasite proliferation (merogony) in the host tissues, followed by differentiation into spores (sporogony) that can be released into the environment to repeat the cycle (Cali and Takvorian 1999;Keeling and Fast 2002). Microsporidian parasites are often described as being "ubiquitous" in nature (Didier et al 2004;Kotler and Orenstein 1998;Sharma et al 2011;Troemel et al 2008;Weiss and Vossbrinck 1999). This is an assumption based largely on the widespread incidence of microsporidiosis in humans (Brian and Schwartz 1999) and on our inability to identify the microsporidian source(s) in most infection cases (Didier and Weiss 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidian Diversity in Soil, Sand, and Compost of the Pacific Northwest

Ardila-Garcia

Raghuram

Sihota

et al. 2013

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Microsporidia are intracellular parasites considered to be ubiquitous in the environment. Yet the true extent of their diversity in soils, sand, and compost remains unclear. We examined microsporidian diversity found in the common urban environments of soil, sand, and compost. We retrieved 22 novel microsporidian sequences and only four from described species. Their distribution was generally restricted to a single site and sample type. Surprisingly, one novel microsporidian showed a wide distribution, and high prevalence, as it was detected in five different compost samples and in soil samples collected over 200 km apart. These results suggest that the majority of Microsporidia appear to have a narrow distribution. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Microsporidia detected in this study include representatives from four of the five major microsporidian groups. Furthermore, the addition of our new sequences calls into question the cohesiveness of microsporidian clade II. These results highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge of microsporidian diversity to better understand the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of this important group of emerging parasites.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidian Diversity in Soil, Sand, and Compost of the Pacific Northwest

Ardila-Garcia

Raghuram

Sihota

et al. 2013

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…E.bieneusi was the most prevalent microsporidian identified in HIV + patients with diarrhea 2 . E.bieneusi and E. intestinalis generally detected in feces and E. intestinalis are often disseminated and cause systemic infection 42 . Two other species of Encephalitozoon, E.cuniculi and E.hellem, which are rarely detected in feces usually cause systemic diseases; these species are primarily shed in urine rather than feces 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Microsporidial Infection in Immunocompromised Patients with Staining and Molecular Methods Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Region Gene in Two Cities of Southwest Iran during 2013-2014

Kazemi¹,

Tavalla²,

Maraghi³

et al. 2016

AJPRHC

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Microsporidiosisis anopportunistic infection frequently diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. Microsporidiosis causes symptomatic or asymptomatic infections immunocompromised/immunosuppressed patients may experience severe and disseminated microsporidiosis. Fecal samples were taken from 186 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (86) and cancer (100). Microsporidia spp. were detected 27.9% (24/86) and 11.6% (10/86) in HIV + patients, 18% (18/100) and 7% (7/100) of cancer patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and trichrome staining respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 28(66.7%) patients, while Encephalitozoon intestinalis was detected in 10 (23.8%) patients. Encephalitozoon cuniculi was detected in only one patient, while Encephalitozoon hellem was detected in three patients. Microsporidia was significantly higher in patients with diarrhea than those without diarrhea (P=0.001). CD4 T cells blood count was significantly lower (<200 cells/µl blood) in HIV+ patients with Microsporidia (P=0.001). Also, there was significant difference between contact with animals with positive results of HIV+ and cancer patients (P< 0.005). This study confirmed that PCR technique was more sensitive than trichrome staining for diagnosis. Moreover, intestinal microsporidiosis caused diarrhea in HIV+ and cancer patients. This influenced treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis of microsporidiosis is effective on treatment strategies.

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“…Organ transplant recipients who were given immunosuppressive therapy and became infected with E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. likewise developed fatigue, fever, nausea and diarrhea (Kotler and Orenstein, 1998;Gumbo et al, 1999). It was also reported that the elderly appeared to be more susceptible to microsporidiosis due to decreasing immune competency associated with aging (Lores et al, 2002).…”

Section: Population Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many early reports have associated this infection with chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients throughout the world (Weber and Bryan, 1994;Asmuth et al, 1994;Kotler and Orenstein, 1998;Bern et al, 2005). Persistent diarrhea, malabsorption, and wasting, which are the most common clinical manifestations associated with the infection in patients with AIDS, are observed in those with ≤ 100 CD4 cells/mm 3 .…”

Section: Global Burden Of Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%