Clinical significance of serum macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in esophageal cancer patients and its comparison with classical tumor markers

Łukaszewicz-Zając, Marta; Mroczko, Barbara; Kozłowski, Mirosław; Nikliński, Jacek; Laudański, J; Szmitkowski, Maciej

doi:10.1515/cclm.2010.274

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It suggests that use of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in combination with different imaging techniques could be a predicting tool giving important preoperative information in staging of EC patients. The serum levels of CEA increased significantly with tumor stage, tumor size and presence of nodal metastases, what is in line with our previous study [33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in esophageal cancer patients

Groblewska¹,

Mroczko²,

Kozłowski³

et al. 2012

Folia Histochem Cytobiol.

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Abstract:The positive expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were found in esophageal cancer (EC) tissue and correlated with cancer stage and clinico-pathological features of tumor and patients' survival. However, little is known about serum levels of those proteins in EC patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic significance of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 serum levels in EC patients in relation to clinico-pathological features of cancer. The study included 53 EC patients and 92 healthy controls. The serum levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and classical tumor markers CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) and SCC (squamous cell carcinoma antigen) were assayed. The prognostic values and diagnostic criteria for the biomarkers tested were defined. Serum levels of MMP-2, TIMP-2 in EC patients were significantly lower, whereas CEA and SCC significantly higher than in control group. The diagnostic sensitivity of TIMP-2 (57%) was higher than those for other biomarkers tested and increased in combination with SCC (70%). Area under ROC curve for TIMP-2 (0.8698) was larger than for other proteins. In Cox's univariate analysis only SCC serum levels were significant prognostic factors for EC patients' survival. The results suggest the limited value of serum analyses of MMP-2 for tumor staging and prognosis in EC and the better usefulness of TIMP-2 than MMP-2 as a tumor marker in the diagnosis of EC, especially in combined use with SCC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in esophageal cancer patients

Groblewska¹,

Mroczko²,

Kozłowski³

et al. 2012

Folia Histochem Cytobiol.

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“…The frequency of increased concentrations of IL-6 established in the current paper was higher than those obtained in our previous studies, where we assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of other biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in EC and ESCC patients (70% and 75%, respectively) 18,21 as well as hematopoietic growth factors, such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF; 71% in EC patients and 70% in ESCC subgroup). 22 In our present paper, diagnostic specificity of IL-6 levels was slightly lower when compared with classic tumor markers in EC, ESCC, and AD subgroups. We found that the IL-6 AUC were notably larger than the AUC for CEA and SCC-Ag, and the highest AUC was found for IL-6 in ESCC subgroup (0.9241).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…The combined used of IL‐6 with CEA or SCC‐Ag slightly improved the diagnostic sensitivity and were higher than those of classic tumor markers (CEA with SCC‐Ag). The frequency of increased concentrations of IL‐6 established in the current paper was higher than those obtained in our previous studies, where we assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of other biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) in EC and ESCC patients (70% and 75%, respectively) 18,21 as well as hematopoietic growth factors, such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF; 71% in EC patients and 70% in ESCC subgroup) 22 . In our present paper, diagnostic specificity of IL‐6 levels was slightly lower when compared with classic tumor markers in EC, ESCC, and AD subgroups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Higher importance of interleukin 6 than classic tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and squamous cell cancer antigen) in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer patients

Łukaszewicz-Zając¹,

Mroczko²,

Kozłowski

et al. 2011

Diseases of the Esophagus

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It has been suggested that interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a potential role in the growth and progression of tumors, including esophageal cancer (EC). The aim of the study was to compare clinical significance of serum IL-6 with classic tumor markers - carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell cancer antigen (SCC-Ag) - in EC patients in relation to its histological types - squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (AD) of esophagus. The study included 53 EC patients and 90 healthy subjects. Serum IL-6 and CEA levels were determined using immunoenzyme assays, while SCC-Ag - chemiluminescent assay. The diagnostic criteria and prognostic values for markers were defined. The levels of all proteins tested in EC, ESCC, and AD were higher than in healthy subjects. The percentage of elevated results was substantially higher for IL-6 (86%) than for CEA (30%) and SCC-Ag (24%) in EC, similarly as in ESCC (87%, 23%, and 33%) and AD (87%, 39%, and 13%, respectively) patients. Concentrations of IL-6 depended on distant metastases and patients' survival in EC and were significantly higher in ESCC patients with more advanced tumor stage and nodal metastases. The IL-6 area under receiver operating characteristic curve (0.92) was larger than for CEA (0.84) and SCC-Ag (0.62) in EC, likewise in ESCC (0.92, 0.87, 0.77) and AD (0.91, 0.79, 0.57, respectively). Our findings indicate better usefulness of IL-6 than classic tumor markers in the diagnosis of EC, especially in patients with ESCC.

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“…Several studies have demonstrated the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the higher frequency of suppressive cells in the bloodstream and lymph nodes from cancer patients. The detection of higher amounts of cytokines like TGF-beta [32], M-CSF [33], and IL-6 [34, 35] in patients' serum could suggest that the tumor presence affects cells in distant organs, thus resulting in systemic alterations which could allow tumors not only to grow locally unchecked but also to metastasize without an effective immune barrier. In agreement with that are: the higher frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (a group of immature but potent suppressor cells capable of down-regulating anti-tumor immunity) found in cancer patients' circulation [36]; the decreased frequency of circulating and tumor-infiltrating myeloid DCs [37, 38]; and the CD4 lymphopenia observed in cancer patients [39–41]; all three important alterations of immune homeostasis in cancer patients that, consequently, hamper the effectiveness of their treatment.…”

Section: The Tumor Microenvironment: a Tolerogenic Milieumentioning

confidence: 99%

What Are the Molecules Involved in Regulatory T-Cells Induction by Dendritic Cells in Cancer?

Ramos

Moraes

Zelante

et al. 2013

Clinical and Developmental Immunology

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the organism, and they do that by modulating lymphocyte priming, expansion, and response patterns according to signals they receive from the environment. The induction of suppressive lymphocytes by DCs is essential to hinder the development of autoimmune diseases but can be reverted against homeostasis when in the context of neoplasia. In this setting, the induction of suppressive or regulatory T cells contributes to the establishment of a state of tolerance towards the tumor, allowing it to grow unchecked by an otherwise functional immune system. Besides affecting its local environment, tumor also has been described as potent sources of anti-inflammatory/suppressive factors, which may act systemically, generating defects in the differentiation and maturation of immune cells, far beyond the immediate vicinity of the tumor mass. Cytokines, as IL-10 and TGF-beta, as well as cell surface molecules like PD-L1 and ICOS seem to be significantly involved in the redirection of DCs towards tolerance induction, and recent data suggest that tumor cells may, indeed, modulate distinct DCs subpopulations through the involvement of these molecules. It is to be expected that the identification of such molecules should provide molecular targets for more effective immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer.

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Clinical significance of serum macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in esophageal cancer patients and its comparison with classical tumor markers

Abstract: Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of serum M-CSF concentrations as a tumor marker for EC, especially in combination with SCC-Ag. However, the diagnostic value of this cytokine may be limited because of its non-specific nature.

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in esophageal cancer patients

Serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in esophageal cancer patients

Higher importance of interleukin 6 than classic tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and squamous cell cancer antigen) in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer patients

What Are the Molecules Involved in Regulatory T-Cells Induction by Dendritic Cells in Cancer?

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