IN MICROSCOPY, AS IN NATURE, ONE RECOGNIZES ONLY WHAT ONE ALREADY KNOWS. Routine histopathological diagnostic reports and publications based on retrospective reviewing of such, perpetuate the notion that nearly half of all apical periodontitis lesions are cysts. Studies based on meticulous serial sectioning of apical lesions retrieved in toto show that the actual prevalence of cysts is only about 15% of all apical periodontitis lesions. Periapical cysts exist in two structurally distinct classes, namely those containing cavities completely enclosed in epithelial lining (periapical true cysts) and those containing epithelium-lined cavities that are open to the root canals (periapical pocket cysts). From a clinical point of view, small cysts, particularly the pocket cysts, can heal after non-surgical root canal therapy whereas large cysts, mainly true cysts, are less likely to be resolved without surgical intervention.