Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Prognosis of Orbital Apex Syndrome

Abstract

The most common presenting symptom of orbital apex syndrome was blurred vision. The most frequent aetiology of orbital apex syndrome of all patients was carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, while the next most frequent was neoplasm, of which lymphoma was the most common in this group. Patients had a good outlook, after treatment directed at the cause, with a modest improvement in vision and exophthalmos in more than half of patients.

Primary Ocular Adnexal Extranodal Marginal Zone Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma Presenting as Orbital Apex Syndrome

“…4,9 OALs demonstrate isointense signal on T1 MRI and iso-hyperintense signs on T2 MRI, providing an advantage in differentiating orbital lymphoma from other orbital masses, such as cavernous haemangiomas. 4 In our patient, an 18 × 21 × 19 mm isointense T1 and T2 superior intraconal mass was consistent with imaging patterns of OAL.…”

“…6 First described in 1945 by Kjoer, 8 OAL can manifest as OAS with exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, and decreased visual acuity. 6,9 Additional symptoms of periorbital pain, ptosis, ipsilateral hypaesthesia of the forehead, upper eyelid, and impaired corneal reflex can also occur. 6,9 Here, we discuss a case of primary unilateral OAL that presented atypically as OAS and illustrate the importance of early diagnosis to improve visual prognosis.…”

“…6,9 Additional symptoms of periorbital pain, ptosis, ipsilateral hypaesthesia of the forehead, upper eyelid, and impaired corneal reflex can also occur. 6,9 Here, we discuss a case of primary unilateral OAL that presented atypically as OAS and illustrate the importance of early diagnosis to improve visual prognosis. We further describe specific distinguishing diagnostic characteristics and localising features of OAS, and treatment modalities for OAL.…”

A case that developed orbital apex syndrome after strabismus surgery

“…Orbital apeks sendromu; 2., 3., 4., 6. kranial sinirler ve 5. kranial sinirin oftalmik dalının tutulduğu sendroma verilen isimdir (1)(2)(3). Orbital apex sendromuna yol açan birçok neden bildirilmiştir.…”

“…Orbital apex sendromu (OAS) inflamatuar, infeksiyöz, neoplastik, travmatik, vasküler ve bazen iatrojenik nedenlere bağlı olarak okülomotor sinir (III), troklear sinir (IV), abdusens siniri (VI), trigeminal sinirin oftalmik dalı (V1) hasarı ve optik sinir disfonksiyonu ile karakterizedir (1). Görme kaybı ve oftalmopleji genellikle ilk belirtilerdir.…”