Adult strabismus patients seem to gain benefits from corrective surgery not only for their ocular misalignment but also for social anxiety levels that may be associated with improvements in their QoL and disability levels.

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Flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-CVAAS) was used for determination of cadmium in high salt matrices such as dialysis concentrates and textile leach solutions. The parameters such as acidity, concentration of reducing agent, reaction coil length, and carrier gas flow rate were investigated to obtain the best sensitivity. No significant background signal was observed even at high salt concentrations. Under the optimized conditions the limit of detection value (3s b m −1 , where sb is the standard deviation of the blank signals and m is the slope of the calibration graph) was found to be 0.05 ng mL −1 for an injection volume of 250 μ L and the precision in terms of relative standard deviation was 3.2% using 11 consecutive measurements of 0.5 ng mL −1 standard. The standard addition method was used for quantitation. The accuracy of the method was tested using ETAAS as a comparison method and a certified reference material (Waste Water EU-L-1). In both cases, the results were in good agreement at 95% confidence level. The concentrations of cadmium in textile product leach solutions were found to be below the limit value assigned by Oeko-Tex standards.

Background: The ocular manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vary from acute follicular, pseudomembranous, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis to keratoconjunctivitis with subepithelial infiltrates and dendritic lesions. Similar to other respiratory viruses, such as adenoviruses, it is thought that COVID-19 may impact the cornea. However, its impact on the cornea and anterior segment parameters are currently poorly understood. Objective: This study aims to assess the corneal endothelial cell morphology and anterior segment parameters in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the COVID-19 group comprised 34 patients who had been diagnosed with and recovered from COVID-19, while the control group comprised age- and sex-matched individuals without any systemic or ocular diseases. The endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV) of cell area, hexagonal cell percentage (HEX), anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal anterior chamber diameter (HACD), iridocorneal angle (ICA), horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), pupillary diameter (PD), and keratometry values (K1 and K2) were analyzed for each participant. The differences in each of these between the groups were analyzed using either an independent samples t test or a Mann–Whitney U test based on the normality of the data. Results: Regarding corneal endothelial cell morphology, the ECDs for the COVID-19 and control groups were 2278.50 ± 186.78 cells/mm2 and 2420.15 ± 222.25 cells/mm2, respectively ( p = 0.002). A significant increase was noted in CV values in the COVID-19 group compared with the control group ( p < 0.001). The HEX values for the COVID-19 and control groups were 56.26 ± 5.75 and 61.50 ± 3.63, respectively ( p < 0.001). Regarding the anterior segment parameters, no significant differences were observed between the groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: It was hypothesized that individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 would demonstrate a reduction in their endothelial functional preserves. A decrease in ECD and HEX and an increase in CV were observed in the individuals during their early post-recovery period from COVID-19.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the retinal vascular caliber of COVID-19 patients with that of healthy subjects. Methods: This was a prospective case–control study. Forty-six patients who had COVID-19 were successfully treated, and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Fundus photography was taken using fundus fluorescein angiography (FA; Visucam 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Retinal vascular caliber was analyzed with IVAN, a semi-automated retinal vascular analyzer (Nicole J. Ferrier, College of Engineering, Fundus Photography Reading Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA). Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), and artery–vein ratio (AVR) were compared between groups. Results: The mean age was 37.8 ± 9.5 years in the COVID-19 group ( n = 46) and 40 ± 8 years in the control group ( n = 38) ( p = 0.45). The mean CRAE was 181.56 ± 6.40 in the COVID-19 group and 171.29 ± 15.06 in the control group ( p = 0.006). The mean CRVE was 226.34 ± 23.83 in the COVID-19 group and 210.94 ± 22.22 in the control group ( p = 0.044). AVR was 0.81 ± 0.09 in the COVID-19 group and 0.82 ± 0.13 in the control group ( p = 0.712). Conclusion: Patients who had COVID-19 have vasodilation in the retinal vascular structure after recovery. As they may be at risk of retinal vascular disease, COVID-19 patients must be followed after recovery.

Background: To investigate of the effect of vitamin D (Vit-D) deficiency on the tear film in children and compare it with that of healthy subjects. Methods: This prospective and cross-sectional study comprised 75 eyes of children who had Vit-D deficiency (Group 1) and 85 eyes of age- and gender-matched healthy children (Group 2). The tear-film break-up time (TF-BUT) and Schirmer test values, as well as the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores were recorded for the participants in all of the groups. Measurement of the tear meniscus area (TMA) and tear meniscus height (TMH) was performed 2 times in the same day via the use of anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Results: The mean age of the participants in Group 1 was 12.42±3.40 years, while in Group 2, it was 12.59±2.32 years (P=0.758). Group 1 comprised 43 females and 32 males, while Group 2 comprised 44 females and 41 males (P=0.250). The mean TMH, TMA, and Schirmer test values were determined to be significantly lower in children with Vit-D deficiency (Group 1) than in healthy children (Group 2), with P < 0.05 for all the values. It was determined that there was no significant difference concerning the value for the mean TF-BUT and OSDI scores (P=0.029 and P = 0.596). Conclusion: The children with Vit-D deficiency were determined to have lower TMH, TMA and Schirmer test values. The alterations that were observed in these parameters were more prominent in the participants who had lower Vit-D levels. Key words: dry eye sendrome, tear meniscus area, tear meniscus height, vitamin D deficiency ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Hintergrund: Es sollte die Wirkung von Vitamin D (Vit-D)-Mangel auf den Tränenfilm bei Kindern untersucht und mit der von gesunden Probanden verglichen werden. Methoden: Diese prospektive Querschnittsstudie umfasste 75 Augen von Kindern mit Vit-D-Mangel (Gruppe 1) und 85 Augen von alters- und geschlechtsangepassten gesunden Kindern (Gruppe 2). Die Aufreißzeit des Tränenfilms (TF-BUT) und Schirmer-Testwerte sowie die Werte des Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) wurden für die Teilnehmer in allen Gruppen aufgezeichnet. Die Messung der Tränenmeniskusfläche (TMA) und der Tränenmeniskushöhe (TMH) wurde 2 Mal am selben Tag unter Verwendung einer optischen Kohärenztomographie des vorderen Segments (AS-OCT) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Das Durchschnittsalter der Teilnehmer in Gruppe 1 betrug 12,42 ± 3,40 Jahre, während es in Gruppe 2 12,59 ± 2,32 Jahre betrug (p = 0,758). Gruppe 1 umfasste 43 Frauen und 32 Männer, während Gruppe 2 44 Frauen und 41 Männer umfasste (p = 0,250). Die mittleren TMH-, TMA- und Schirmer-Testwerte waren bei Kindern mit Vit-D-Mangel (Gruppe 1) signifikant niedriger als bei gesunden Kindern (Gruppe 2), mit P < 0,05 für alle Werte. Es wurde festgestellt, dass es keinen signifikanten Unterschied bezüglich des Werts für die mittleren TF-BUT- und OSDI-Scores gab (P = 0,029 und P = 0,596). Schlussfolgerung: Bei den Kindern mit Vit-D-Mangel wurden niedrigere TMH-, TMA- und Schirmer-Testwerte festgestellt. Die bei diesen Parametern beobachteten Veränderungen waren bei den Teilnehmern mit niedrigeren Vit-D-Spiegeln ausgeprägter.

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