Clinical Perspectives of Parkinson's Disease for Ophthalmologists, Otorhinolaryngologists, Cardiologists, Dentists, Gastroenterologists, Urologists, Physiatrists, and Psychiatrists

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by various non-motor symptoms (NMS) in addition to motor dysfunction. NMS include sleep, ocular, olfactory, throat, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or musculoskeletal disorders. A range of NMS, particularly hyposmia, sleep disturbances, constipation, and depression, can even appear prior to the motor symptoms of PD. Because NMS can affect multiple organs and result in major disabilities, the recognition and multidisciplinary and collaborative management of NMS by physicians is essential for patients with PD. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the organs that are affected by NMS in PD together with a brief review of pathophysiology and treatment options.

Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders

“…Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain responsible for the production of dopamine. As the disease progresses, other areas of the brain and nervous system degenerate causing a more intense movement disorder (Tarakad and Jankovic, 2020;Choi et al, 2020;Kumaresan and Khan, 2021).…”

Temporal Vestibular Deficits in synaptojanin 1 (synj1) Mutants

“…Thus, the SAC1 domain of SYNJ1 plays an underappreciated role in plasma membrane recycling. All in all both early and late forms of Parkinson's disease primarily affect motor functions, leading to tremors, slowed movements and impaired balance (Postuma et al, 2015), but abnormal posture and non-motor abnormalities can also be present even before the onset of motor symptoms (Jellinger, 2017;Choi et al, 2020).…”

Parkinson-related neuropathy

“…Although Parkinson's disease (PD) primarily affects the central nervous system, it is a multi-organ disease which also affects the eyes and the peripheral nervous system, including the autonomic fibers (1,2). PD-related disturbance of the peripheral nerves may result in sensory, motor, or autonomic neuropathy.…”

“…Autonomic dysfunction can manifest as sicca syndrome, hypo-/hyperhidrosis, orthostatic hypotension, reduced blood pressure variability, reduced heart rate variability, nausea, constipation, vomiting, urinary dysfunction, or erectile dysfunction (1). Non-motor manifestations, such as hyposmia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, or depression, may precede these motor symptoms (1). Although PD-related neuropathy (PDRNP) is well recognized, relatively little data about this topic are available.…”