Clinical Pathophysiology and Molecular Biology of the Urothelium and the GAG Layer

Tajana, G; Cervigni, Mauro

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6929-3_4

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Further, two critical components of the urothelial permeability barrier(s) also need to be explored: the lipid bilayer component of the umbrella cell apical membrane (Zeidel ; Hill and Zeidel , ), and the mucin coating overlying the apical membrane – often referred to as the GAGs layer or glycocalyx (Parsons et al. ; Hurst ; Tajana and Cervigni ). Thus, there may be important species‐dependent functional and/or compositional variability for any of the components of the permeability barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Barboza et al. ; Tajana and Cervigni ). The mechanisms, whereby hibernating bears accomplish this metabolic feat are unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…; Khandelwal et al. ; Tajana and Cervigni ). The apical membranes of these cells have been shown in vitro to have very low permeability to water, urea, and ammonia albeit with some species differences (Chang et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of bear species, including the American black bear (Ursus americanus), undergo a winter hibernation for 4-5 months during which time bears do not eat, drink, defecate, or urinate (the latter documented in: Nelson 1973 [includes earlier references], Toien et al 2011;Folk et al 1972;Nelson et al 1973;Barboza et al 1997). Remarkably, despite lack of urination, hibernating bears do not become uremic and blood urea, although not creatinine, concentrations actually fall during hibernation Nelson 1978;Hellgren et al 1990; Barboza et al 1997;Tajana and Cervigni 2013). The mechanisms, whereby hibernating bears accomplish this metabolic feat are unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The urothelium of a hibernator: the American black bear

et al. 2015

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The American black bear undergoes a 3–5 month winter hibernation during which time bears do not eat, drink, defecate, or urinate. During hibernation renal function (GFR) is 16–50% of normal but urine is reabsorbed across the urinary bladder (UB) urothelium thus enabling metabolic recycling of all urinary constituents. To elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby urine is reabsorbed, we examined the UBs of five nonhibernating wild bears using light, electron (EM), and confocal immunofluorescent (IF) microscopy–concentrating on two components of the urothelial permeability barrier – the umbrella cell apical membranes and tight junctions (TJ). Bear UB has the same tissue layers (serosa, muscularis, lamina propria, urothelia) and its urothelia has the same cell layers (basal, intermediate, umbrella cells) as other mammalians. By EM, the bear apical membrane demonstrated a typical mammalian scalloped appearance with hinge and plaque regions – the latter containing an asymmetric trilaminar membrane and, on IF, uroplakins Ia, IIIa, and IIIb. The umbrella cell TJs appeared similar to those in other mammals and also contained TJ proteins occludin and claudin - 4, and not claudin –2. Thus, we were unable to demonstrate urothelial apical membrane or TJ differences between active black bears and other mammals. Expression and localization of UT-B, AQP-1 and -3, and Na+, K+-ATPase on bear urothelial membranes was similar to that of other mammals. Similar studies of urothelia of hibernating bears, including evaluation of the apical membrane lipid bilayer and GAGs layer are warranted to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby hibernating bears reabsorb their daily urine output and thus ensure successful hibernation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Barboza et al. ; Tajana and Cervigni ). The mechanisms, whereby hibernating bears accomplish this metabolic feat are unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The urothelium of a hibernator: the American black bear

et al. 2015

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“…16,19,26 The apical surface of the urothelium is coated with a layer of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, with a superficial proportion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the top of the layer. 29 The GAG or mucin layer is thought to act as a nonspecific anti-adherence factor and as a defense mechanism against infection, 30,31 and several lines of evidence support that surface mucosal and GAG dysfunction contribute to IC/PBS. 32 Since these studies, GAG replenishment therapy has been under development.…”

Section: Bladder Urothelial Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers for patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

Liu

Kuo

2015

Urological Science

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Keywords: biomarker bladder diagnosis pathophysiology a b s t r a c t Interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a disease of unknown etiology manifested with bladder pain and frequency urgency symptoms. Although several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed, the underlying mechanism of IC/BPS is still unclear. Accumulated evidence supports that IC/BPS is actually a spectrum of clinical phenomena that involves several different genes and environmental factors. Heterogeneous syndromes are seen in patients with IC/PBS, which suggests that the disease should be classified into different subtypes. Abnormal expressions of several bladder epithelial markers, including mast cells, epithelial differentiation proteins, cell membrane proteins, neurotransmitters, and cytokines, are present in IC/BPS. This review discusses the possible biomarkers that may play crucial roles in IC/BPS, and especially focuses on those that have the potential to be used as biomarkers for prognosis and for the determination of the best treatment for patients.

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Strategies to Get Drugs across Bladder Penetrating Barriers for Improving Bladder Cancer Therapy

et al. 2021

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Bladder cancer is a significant public health concern and social burden due to its high recurrence risk. Intravesical drug instillation is the primary therapy for bladder cancer to prevent recurrence. However, the intravesical drug therapeutic effect is limited by bladder penetrating barriers. The inadequate intravesical treatment might cause the low drug concentration in lesions, resulting in a high recurrence/progression rate of bladder cancer. Many strategies to get drugs across bladder penetrating barriers have been developed to improve intravesical treatment, including physical and chemical methods. This review summarizes the classical and updated literature and presents insights into great therapeutic potential strategies to overcome bladder penetrating barriers for improving the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.

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Clinical Pathophysiology and Molecular Biology of the Urothelium and the GAG Layer

Cited by 3 publications

References 144 publications

The urothelium of a hibernator: the American black bear

The urothelium of a hibernator: the American black bear

Biomarkers for patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

Strategies to Get Drugs across Bladder Penetrating Barriers for Improving Bladder Cancer Therapy

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