Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice

Advanced practice nursing roles: development, implementation and evaluation

“…2001). However, insufficient administrative support and competing time demands associated with clinical practice and medical functions are frequently‐reported barriers to participating in education, research and leadership activities (McFadden & Miller 1994, Sanchez et al. 1996, Beal et al.…”

“…2002). Lack of office space, clerical support, communication technology, and educational opportunities are common role barriers, and inattention to these basic resources marginalizes the purpose and legitimacy of APN roles (McFadden & Miller 1994, Sanchez et al. 1996, Martin & Hutchinson 1999, Irvine et al.…”

“…2001). Role acceptance and the support of physicians, nurses and other care providers are associated with role satisfaction and extent to which APN roles can be implemented (McFadden & Miller 1994, Beal et al. 1997, Dillon & George 1997, Irvine et al.…”

“…The need for strong administrative support to facilitate organizational change required for the introduction of APN roles cannot be understated. Administrative support is associated with APN role satisfaction, role autonomy, role clarity, role innovation and fewer problems related to role conflict and role overload (McFadden & Miller 1994, Sanchez et al. 1996, Read 1999, Guest et al.…”

“…In the absence of clearly‐defined goals, the outcomes and potential impact of APN roles are not identified or evaluated. Lack of planning and evaluation means that the environmental conditions to support role implementation, goal achievement, and continued role development are not provided (McFadden & Miller 1994, Martin & Hutchinson 1999, Centre for Nursing Studies and the Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2001, Guest et al. 2001, Read et al.…”