Clinical neurorestorative cell therapies: Developmental process, current state and future prospective

Abstract

Clinical cell therapies (CTs) for neurological diseases and cellular damage have been explored for more than 2 decades. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, there are 2 types of cell categories for therapy, namely stem cell-derived CT products and mature/functionally differentiated cell-derived CT products. However, regardless of the type of CT used, the majority of reports of clinical CTs from either small sample sizes based on single-center phase 1 or 2 unblinded trials or retrospective clinical studies showed effects on neurological improvement and the ability to either partially or temporarily thwart the deteriorating cellular processes of the neurodegenerative diseases. There have been only a few prospective, multicenter, randomized, double- blind placebo-control clinical trials of CTs so far in this developing novel area that have shown negative results, and more clinical trials are needed. This will expand our knowledge in exploring the type of cells that yield promising results and restore damaged neurological structure and functions of the central nervous system based on higher level evidence-based medical data. In this review, we briefly introduce the developmental process, current state, and future prospective for clinical neurorestorative CT.

Ectoderm-Derived Frontal Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery by Alleviating Neuroinflammation and Glutamate Excitotoxicity

“…Numerous therapeutic strategies for alleviating in ammation, scavenging reactive oxygen species, and promoting tissue regeneration have been developed for TBI recovery 32 . Of these, stem cell-based therapy provided an ideal therapeutic option for neurological disorders based on its ability to inhibit neuroin ammation and promote tissue reconstruction 33 . In the present study, we found that FbMSCs isolated from the frontal bone demonstrated some characteristics of NSCs, and were ectoderm-derived and could differentiate into different types of neurons (data not shown).…”

“…In addition to their multiple differentiate into multiple tissues such as bone, cartilage, adipose, and neuronal cells, they are immune-privileged and immunomodulatory 12 . MSC transplantation for TBI therapy has been investigated in animal models and clinical trials, showing signi cant improvements in neurological function 13 . Previous studies have revealed that neurorestoration and not neuro-replacement, contributes to MSC transplantation-induced TBI recovery 8 .…”

Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs in Conferring Glioma Progression and Treatment

“…The BTB parallels the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is comprised of vascular endothelial cells, basement membrane, and glioma cells. This structure can seriously impede the entry of drugs into the tumor microenvironment, resulting in poor drug efficacy and extremely unfavorable patient prognosis (59)(60)(61). Consequently, exploring lncRNAs that can regulate BTB permeability to promote chemotherapy and thus improve drug efficacy is one of the research directions for targeted glioma therapy.…”

Clinical diagnosis guidelines and neurorestorative treatment for chronic disorders of consciousness (2021 China version)

“…The maximum daily dose is 1,000 μg. Moreover, it can be adjusted from 2 to 3 μg/h according to the clinical manifestation of the patient [58].…”