Clinical judgment of major depression in AIDS patients: The effects of clinician complexity and stereotyping.

Abstract

This clinical judgment study found an overshadowing bias that existed in the treatment of major depression in AIDS patients. Two clinician individual differences-cognitive complexity about AIDS issues and attitudes toward AIDS victims-were investigated for possible moderating effects of the treatment overshadowing bias. Cognitive complexity about AIDS issues had a significant moderating effect, as more complex clinical and counseling psychologists were more likely to recommend antidepressant medication. Attitudes toward AIDS victims, measured by the Attitudes Towards AIDS Victims scale (Larsen, Serra, & Long, 1990), did not moderate clinician's treatment judgments. Results from a second set of exploratory analyses suggest that the diagnostic overshadowing occurred, but as a function of the presence of a terminal illness (AIDS or cancer) and not as a bias unique to AIDS issues. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Experiences of the Medication Use Process by People with Intellectual Disabilities. What a Pharmacist Should Know!

“…The process as experienced by the population with intellectual disabilities includes a significant ‘pre prescribing’ step consisting of two important elements: recognition/assessment and diagnosis/cause identification, as shown in Figure 1 . These are vital components of the medication use process experienced by this population with communication difficulties, in which ‘diagnostic overshadowing’ [ 38 , 39 ], and ‘healthcare by proxy’ [ 40 ], are significant factors. Both factors will introduce risk to the quality of the medication use process.…”

Cognitive Constructions of Low–Profit and High–Profit Business Models: A Repertory Grid Study of Serial Entrepreneurs

“…A cognitive construction of a business model embodies both conscious and subconscious thought structures that shape the attention to and reasoning of how information to conduct the business is processed. 1 Although these cognitive constructions may be effective, they may also restrict attention, which may lead entrepreneurs to commit serious errors in interpreting reality (Norberg & Johansson, 2013;Spengler & Strohmer, 1994;Trotman, Tan, & Ang, 2011;Walker & Spengler, 1995).…”

“…Because the cognitive process of using different attributes is often subconscious, the technique has potential to visualize subconscious thought structures to individuals 3 (Fransella et al). In fact, the technique has been used to bring experts' thought structures from subconscious to conscious awareness, thus revealing potential biases that experts may be unable to articulate (Diáz de Leon & Guild, 2003;Spengler & Strohmer, 1994;Walker & Spengler, 1995).…”

Universal‐Diverse Orientation, Cognitive Complexity, and Sociopolitical Advocacy in Counselor Trainees

“…Cognitive complexity is the ability to formulate an understanding of social behavior in a multidimensional way (Bieri et al, 1966) and draws on personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955). Preliminary support for cognitive complexity is based on findings that clinicians who are higher in cognitive complexity make more accurate clinical judgments (Tripodi & Bieri, 1964); are better at integrating seemingly incongruent or contradictory client information, incorporating more divergent questions (Holloway & Wolleat, 1980); and are less likely to invoke diagnostic overshadowing bias (Spengler & Strohmer, 1994a;Walker & Spengler, 1995).…”