Clinical findings related to intramammary infections in meat-producing ewes

Blagitz, Maiara Garcia; Souza, Fernando Nogueira de; Batista, Camila Freitas; Diniz, S.A.; Haddad, João Paulo Amaral; Benites, N. R.; Melville, Priscilla Anne; Libera, Alice Maria Melville Paiva Della

doi:10.1007/s11250-013-0462-8

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Subclinical and chronic mastitis may be difficult to detect, although physical indicators such as abnormalities in skin color, shape, consistency, hardness, and presence of lesions on the udders are indicative of the condition. Teat injuries and consistency of the udder as determined by palpation have been shown to be related to the incidence of mastitis confirmed by bacteriological tests ( 79 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Animal-Based Indicators to Be Used in a Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sheep

et al. 2017

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Sheep are managed under a variety of different environments (continually outdoors, partially outdoors with seasonal or diurnal variation, continuously indoors) and for different purposes, which makes assessing welfare challenging. This diversity means that resource-based indicators are not particularly useful and, thus, a welfare assessment scheme for sheep, focusing on animal-based indicators, was developed. We focus specifically on ewes, as the most numerous group of sheep present on farm, although many of the indicators may also have relevance to adult male sheep. Using the Welfare Quality® framework of four Principles and 12 Criteria, we considered the validity, reliability, and feasibility of 46 putative animal-based indicators derived from the literature for these criteria. Where animal-based indicators were potentially unreliably or were not considered feasible, we also considered the resource-based indicators of access to water, stocking density, and floor slipperiness. With the exception of the criteria “Absence of prolonged thirst,” we suggest at least one animal-based indicator for each welfare criterion. As a minimum, face validity was available for all indicators; however, for many, we found evidence of convergent validity and discriminant validity (e.g., lameness as measured by gait score, body condition score). The reliability of most of the physical and health measures has been tested in the field and found to be appropriate for use in welfare assessment. However, for the majority of the proposed behavioral indicators (lying synchrony, social withdrawal, postures associated with pain, vocalizations, stereotypy, vigilance, response to surprise, and human approach test), this still needs to be tested. In conclusion, the comprehensive assessment of sheep welfare through largely animal-based measures is supported by the literature through the use of indicators focusing on specific aspects of sheep biology. Further work is required for some indicators to ensure that measures are reliable when used in commercial settings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Animal-Based Indicators to Be Used in a Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sheep

et al. 2017

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“…The palpation of the mammary gland was classified according to its consistency in normal (score 0), normal consistency with nodules (score 1) and firm consistency (score 2). Teats and mammary gland were classified by palpation in normal (score 0), thelitis (score 1) and cisternitis (score 2) (BLAGITZ et al, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the type of milking on mammary gland examination in Saanen goats

et al. 2020

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This research evaluated the effect of milking on the physical exam of the mammary gland (MG) and milk examination in Saanen goats. Six properties were selected, four farms were used after evaluation of criteria selection and distributed in two groups according to the milking method: manual or mechanical. The physical examination of MG was performed using the techniques of inspection and palpation, in addition to the examination of the milk by strip cup, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, and bacteriological exam. It was possible to detect an association between the milking method with the most of physical exam of the MG: inspection of the MG (p = 0.001), inspection of the teat (p = 0.002), palpation of the MG (p = 0.054) and palpation of the teat (p = 0.036). The machine milking had an association with the reduction of the volume of MG (OR = 6.00), reduction of the teat size (OR = 16.19), and firm consistency of mammary parenchyma (OR = 2.39). The use of machine milking represented a less risk for an increase of the volume of the MG volume (OR = 0.288) and the presence of cisternitis (OR = 0.490). The association between the SCC and the type of milking was also detected (p = 0.002). Machine milking was associated with changesin the physical exam of MG and milk examination compatible with traumatic lesions. This information indicates inappropriate use of milking equipment in the dairy goat’s properties.

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“…Studies have shown that the same host may present different frames in each ceiling. The authors reported a case of S. aureus mastitis in a nulliparous goat with two infected ceilings, with the left roof evolving to acute catarrhal mastitis and the right to mastitis with gangrenous detachment [32,33].…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The entry most often is via the galactogenic route and can occur systemically via the hematogenous route. All animals are susceptible, increasing the predisposition mainly according to age and number of lactations [14,24,28,33]. Subclinical mastitis predominates in the herds of small ruminants, presenting prevalence between 5% and 30%.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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mastitis-in-small-ruminants

Gp¹

2018

Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci

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Mastitis is a complex disease resulting from the interaction between the agent, animal, and environment, and is in most cases associated with the presence of microorganisms. It constitutes an important animal and public health problem, with worldwide economic repercussions. This literature review aimed to present the most recent studies on mastitis in goats and sheep, updating etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and prevention. Prevalence varies between 5 and 30% to subclinical mastitis, but staphylococcal mastitis is the major cause of intramammary infections in small ruminants. The Staphylococcus aureus is the main zoonotic pathogen, leading to the need to implement control programs in dairy farms. The methods of diagnosis, prevention, and management need standardization and are discussed in this article.

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Clinical findings related to intramammary infections in meat-producing ewes

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluation of Animal-Based Indicators to Be Used in a Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sheep

Evaluation of Animal-Based Indicators to Be Used in a Welfare Assessment Protocol for Sheep

Effect of the type of milking on mammary gland examination in Saanen goats

mastitis-in-small-ruminants

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