Clinical Evidence That Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Are Mobilized Into Peripheral Blood in Patients After Stroke

Abstract

Background and Purpose-In a murine model of stroke, we identified a population of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells (SCs) in adult murine bone marrow that could be mobilized into peripheral blood (PB). This raised the question of whether a similar population of cells is mobilized in human stroke patients. Methods-We evaluated a number of cells that corresponded to VSEL SCs in the PB of 44 stroke patients and 22age-matched controls. After each patient's stroke, PB samples were harvested during the first 24 hours, on day ϩ3, and on day ϩ7 and then compared with normal controls. The circulating human cells with the phenotype of VSEL SCs were evaluated in PB by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and direct immunofluorescence staining. In parallel, we also measured the serum concentration of stromal derived factor-1 by ELISA. Results-In stroke patients, we found an increase in the number of circulating cells expressing SC-associated antigens, such as CD133, CD34, and CXCR4. More important, we found an increase in the number of circulating primitive cells expressing the VSEL phenotype (CXCR4

Pluripotent Stem Cells in Bone Marrow and Cord Blood

“…occurs only when there is a need i.e. into hepatocytes when damage is inflicted on the liver by radiation or chemical damage [27], into cardiomyocytes when myocardial infarction is induced [28], into endothelial cells on inducing ischemia [29] and into neural stem cells on inducing stroke [30]. In the same manner, the BM stem cells have also been shown to trans-differentiate into germ cells when gonadal function is compromised e.g.…”

Innate immunity as orchestrator of stem cell mobilization

“…Table 1 lists the most important physiological and pathological situations associated with the increase in the number of circulating stem cells in PB. In adult organisms, circulating stem cells (i) show a circadian rhythm in the circulation with the peak occurring early in the morning and the nadir at night, 13 (ii) are mobilized during strenuous exercise, 14 inflammation 10,15 and tissue/organ injury (for example, heart infarct or stroke) [16][17][18] and iii) may increase in number up to 100-fold after the administration of certain drugs. 19,20 This enforced translocation of HSPCs from BM into PB induced by pharmacological agents (for example, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or AMD3100), is called 'mobilization' and mobilized PB, is an easily accessible source of HSPCs for hematopoietic transplantation.…”

Prolonged transendothelial migration of human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) towards hydrogel-released SDF1

“…radiation, invasive surgery). The tissue repair process can be enhanced by angiogenetic properties of CXCL12-CXCR4 axis ( [40] and reviewed in [13]) in case of the hindlimb ischemia [41], stroke and heart myocardial infarction [42][43] or liver damage [44]. Collagen-1-Heparin matrix immobilisation of SDF-1 can provide such a tool for site-targeted and localized elevation of SDF-1.…”