Clinical Evaluation of Respiratory Rate Measurements on COPD (Male) Patients Using Wearable Inkjet-Printed Sensor

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. The reliable monitoring of respiratory rate (RR) is very important for the treatment and management of COPD. Based on inkjet printing technology, we have developed a stretchable and wearable sensor that can accurately measure RR on normal subjects. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of stretchable sensors in the monitoring of RR on COPD patients. We aimed to investigate the measurement accuracy of our sensor on COPD patients. Methodology: Thirty-five patients (Mean ± SD of age: 55.25 ± 13.76 years) in different stages of COPD were recruited. The measurement accuracy of our inkjet-printed (IJPT) sensor was evaluated at different body postures (i.e., standing, sitting at 90°, and lying at 45°) on COPD patients. The RR recorded by the IJPT sensor was compared with that recorded by the reference e-Health sensor using paired T-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was performed to investigate if there was any significant effect of individual difference or posture on the measurement error. Statistical significance was defined as p-value less than 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between the RR measurements collected by the IJPT sensor and the e-Health reference sensor overall and in three postures (p > 0.05 in paired T-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests). The sitting posture had the least measurement error of −0.0542 ± 1.451 bpm. There was no significant effect of posture or individual difference on the measurement error or relative measurement error (p > 0.05 in ANOVA). Conclusion: The IJPT sensor can accurately measure the RR of COPD patients at different body postures, which provides the possibility for reliable monitoring of RR on COPD patients.

A review of inkjet printing technology for personalized-healthcare wearable devices

“…For substrate, it is essential to know the thickness, density, glass transition temperature, melting temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, Young's modulus, ultimate elongation, bending endurance, surface roughness, and surface energy. 91 The popular substrate materials used for printing wearable FE include Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 53,60,63,[92][93][94][95][96] PolyEthylene naphthalate (PEN), 16,17,41,54,92,[97][98][99] Polyimide (PI), 14,18,19,30,38,41,42,46,55,57,64,[100][101][102] Cellulose paper, 35,52,103 PDMS 39,42,93,[104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] and Polyurethane (PU). 112 The main conductive materials used for fabricating wearable FE include Silver (Ag), 14,…”

“…91 The popular substrate materials used for printing wearable FE include Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 53,60,63,[92][93][94][95][96] PolyEthylene naphthalate (PEN), 16,17,41,54,92,[97][98][99] Polyimide (PI), 14,18,19,30,38,41,42,46,55,57,64,[100][101][102] Cellulose paper, 35,52,103 PDMS 39,42,93,[104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] and Polyurethane (PU). 112 The main conductive materials used for fabricating wearable FE include Silver (Ag), 14,21,31,39,…”

Classifications and Applications of Inkjet Printing Technology: A Review

“…In addition, inkjet printing was used to fabricate respiratory rate stretchable and wearable sensor [265][266], piezoelectric devices [267][268], piezoresistive devices [269][270], and bio-impedance sensors for electrical impedance tomography imaging [271]. Electronic circuits for WFS devices were also printed by inkjet printing [272]- [275].…”

Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and neuroendocrine stress axis in COVID-19 suspicious outpatients tested for SARS-CoV2 RT-PCR referred to 16-hour comprehensive health centers in Abadan County: A cross-sectional case-control study

“…The reliable monitoring of respiratory rate is also very important for the treatment and management of other respiratory issues like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (17). There was no significant difference in terms of age, sex, and mean pulse rate between the two evaluated groups (P ¿0.05).…”