Clinical Evaluation of a Photonic Crystal Sensor for Glucose Monitoring in Urine

Abstract

Self-monitoring of blood glucose is not only an effective method to treat diabetes, but also a painful invasive process to patients. To develop a noninvasive technique, we evaluated the clinical performance of a polymerized crystalline colloidal array (PCCA) sensor for glucose monitoring in urine. A twodimensional crystalline colloidal array (CCA) was assembled using polystyrene particles and further embedded into 3acrylamidophenylboronic acid functionalized hydrogel. 101 urine samples were tested, and the glucose concentrations was calculated by the particle spacing of PCCA. All the urine samples were also analyzed by automated urine analyzers. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses showed a linear relationship between the PCCA results with a range of 0.4-53.3 mmol L À 1 and the Cobas® 8000 references (r = 0.914;[PCCA] = 0.9281 [HK] + 2.0585 mmol L À 1 ). Cohen's kappa (k) statistic with 0.65 (sig < 0.05) showed the PCCA results had moderate agreement with references. Also, Bland-Altman plot showed that AX-4030 sensor's systematic error was higher than PCCA sensor (mean = 7.4813 > 0.5271 mmol L À 1 ). The PCCA urine glucose biosensor has the advantages of fast fabrication, low cost, easy operation and high sensitivity, which provides a promising technique for noninvasive point-of-care glucose monitoring.

Preparation of a glucose-sensitive one-dimensional photonic crystal via top–down nanocasting

“…In addition, as shown in Table S1,† the experimental method is compared with other glucose detection methods. Although these methods have lower LOD and wider determination range compared to the method used in our study, the determination range is mostly at the “nM–μM level.” However, the urine glucose content of normal people is about 0–2.56 mmol, 31 so it is more meaningful to realize the glucose determination of “mM level” in the preliminary screening and diagnosis of diabetes.…”

A Review of Design and Fabrication Methods for Nanoparticle Network Hydrogels for Biomedical, Environmental, and Industrial Applications

“…Plum pudding NNHs crosslinked both with a covalent crosslinker (e.g., MBA) and optically‐sensitive NPs, most commonly via electrostatic interactions that can maintain the inter‐particle NP spacing through repulsive electrostatic interactions between negatively charged NPs, are the most common type of NNH used for this purpose. [ 135,136 ] Although colloidal crystalline arrays (CCAs) have been traditionally used for optical NNH sensors, quantum dots (QDs) have more recently been used to improve sensing of changes in pH [ 134 ] and glucose content. [ 137 ] QDs offer benefits over CCAs in that their emissive properties are not dependent on lattice spacing and they can be easily formed in situ as NP crosslinkers.…”

Recent Applications of Point-of-Care Devices for Glucose Detection on the Basis of Stimuli-Responsive Volume Phase Transition of Hydrogel

“…and tear including structure color [74,87,[125][126][127], etc., there are many studies suitable for blood including structure color [115,126], fluorescence [39,40,104], electrical [109], etc. and urine including structure color [128,129], electrical [93] etc. as well.…”