Clinical course and management of postoperative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in immunocompromised patients: two case reports

Abstract

We describe the clinical course and successful treatment of two cases of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis. In case 1, MRSA keratitis occurred 5 days after cataract extraction, associated with endophthalmitis; in case 2, diagnosis was made 19 months after penetrating keratoplasty. Treatment in both cases consisted of topical fortified vancomycin and fortified bacitracin. A third topical antibiotic, polymyxin B-trimethoprim, was added to the therapeutic regimen in case 2, one month into the treatment. Oral doxycycline was prescribed to reduce collagenase activity and treat blepharitis. Mupirocin nasal ointment and skin antiseptics were used to decrease and eliminate potential MRSA colonization. Topical prednisolone acetate 1% was applied conservatively to mitigate inflammation in both cases. In case 2, topical cyclosporine A was also used for similar purposes. Keratitis may have worsened while on these immune-modulating drops, especially in case 2, and eradication of infection may have been slowed. Eventually both patients achieved full resolution of infection. Duration of keratitis was 3 and 1.5 months, respectively. Polyantimicrobial therapy is effective in eradicating MRSA-related postoperative keratitis. Topical fortified vancomycin and fortified bacitracin were used in both cases, with a third topical antibiotic, polymyxin B-trimethoprim, also required in case 2. Oral doxycycline, nasal mupirocin, and antiseptic soap may be useful adjuncts in management. Treatment time to achieve full resolution may be prolonged relative to other types of bacterial keratitis. Alterations in immune status may have lengthened the time of treatment. Our two patients were immune compromised and were also susceptible to endophthalmitis. It is possible that topical immune-modulating drops such as prednisolone acetate may potentiate MRSA infection, and if used, should be only done so with great caution.

A Mouse Model for Ocular Surface Staphylococcus aureus Infection

“…Because it can lead to loss of sight, microbial corneal infection is one of the most widely studied diseases among ocular surface infections. S. aureus is a leading cause of microbial keratitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, aged populations, and users of daily wear contact lenses (Aristimuno, Nirankari, Hemady, & Rodrigues, ; Chou & Prabhu, ; Cruz, Sabir, Capo, & Alfonso, ; Ji et al., ; Pachigolla, Blomquist, & Cavanagh, ). Although antibiotic therapies may succeed in reducing or eliminating the bacterial load, scarring, loss of visual acuity, and even blindness still result.…”