Clinical Characterization of the Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms: A Descriptive Observational Study in Primary Care

Abstract

Introduction: Evidence and clinical experience suggest that there are a range of signs of health issues that affect patients who have recovered from acute COVID-19 infection. This condition is commonly referred to as “persistent COVID-19,” which is not connected with the severity of the disease. We have identified the prevalence and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and persistent symptoms treated in primary care centers. This is a descriptive observational study conducted between December 2020 and May 2022, the data were collected from digitized medical records and interviewing 1542 individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. These patients were clinically followed for up to 1 year, based on the prevalence of symptoms. When stratifying by the risk of developing persistent COVID-19, 37.09% of the patients exhibited risk factors, with age (over 60 years) and cardiovascular risk factors predominating. The obtained prevalence of persistent COVID-19 at 90 days was 12.39%, with a slight predominance in females (55%) and a mean age of 45.8 years. The most affected systems were the cardiovascular, respiratory, and psychoneurological systems, with predominant symptoms of fatigue (41.88%), dyspnea (32.46%), and headache (14.66%), among others. The average duration of persistent symptoms was 178 days, equivalent to 6 months. In conclusion, over 10% of patients who recover from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection developed long-term consequences. Objective: To measure the prevalence and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 and persistent symptoms treated in primary care centers in Área Sanitaria Sur de Córdoba (Spain) between December 2020 and May 2022. Methods: A retrospective observational study of the population of Área Sanitaria Sur de Córdoba was developed between December 2020 and May 2022. The scope of the study was 1542 individuals, and the prevalence of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and persistent symptoms was determined based on laboratory-confirmed cases, randomly selected from adults who had progressed beyond the acute phase of the disease. All data were managed by the Área Sanitaria Sur de Córdoba (Spain). Results: The risk factor of exhibiting one or more risk factors associated with developing persistent COVID-19 is 37.09%. The obtained prevalence of persistent COVID-19 at 90 days is 12.39%, it is higher in females (55%) than males and the mean age was 45.8 years. The most affected systems were the cardiovascular, respiratory, and psychoneurological systems, with predominant symptoms of fatigue (41.88%), dyspnea (32.46%), and headache (14.66%), among others. Conclusions: Results confirm that more than 10% of individuals recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection showed long-term consequences and the observed persistent symptom duration was 178 days on average.