Long COVID: Factors influencing persistent symptoms and the impact of gender

Rodríguez Onieva, A.; Soto Castro, C.A.; García Morales, V.; Aneri Vacas, M.; Hidalgo Requena, A.

doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2024.102208

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…According to our analysis of sociodemographic factors, female sex is associated with a higher likelihood of developing long COVID. This finding is consistent with other published studies that have identified female sex as a significant risk factor for LC-19 [11,[30][31][32][33][34]. Moreover, the impact of female sex appears to be uniform across all types of LC-19 patients, as illustrated in Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Identifying Risk Factors and Predicting Long COVID in a Spanish Cohort

Teruel,

Andreu,

Reina

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Many studies have investigated symptoms, comorbidities, demographic factors, and vaccine effectiveness in relation to long COVID (LC-19) across global populations. However, a number of these studies have shortcomings, such as inadequate LC-19 categorisation, lack of sex disaggregation, or a narrow focus on certain risk factors like symptoms or comorbidities alone. We address these gaps by investigating the demographic factors, comorbidities, and symptoms present during the acute phase of primary COVID-19 infection among patients with LC-19 and those who experienced reinfection, comparing them to typical COVID-19 patients. Additionally, we assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on these patients. Drawing on data from the Regional Health System of the Region of Murcia in southeastern Spain, our analysis includes comprehensive information from clinical and hospitalisation records, symptoms, and vaccination details of over 675126 patients across 10 hospitals.We calculated age and sex-adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to identify protective and risk factors for LC-19. Our findings reveal distinct symptomatology, comorbidity patterns, and demographic characteristics among patients with LC-19 versus those with typical COVID-19. Notably, factors such as age, female sex (AOR = 1.39, adjusted p <0.001), symptoms such as chest pain (AOR >1.55, adjusted p <0.001) or hyposmia (AOR >1.5, adjusted p <0.001) and being vaccinated (AOR = 0.10, adjusted p <0.001) significantly influence the risk of LC-19. Interestingly, symptoms and comorbidities show no significant differences when disaggregated by type of LC-19 patient. Vaccination before infection is the most important factor and notably decreases the likelihood of long COVID. Particularly, mRNA vaccines offer more protection against developing LC-19 than viral vector-based vaccines (AOR = 0.48). Additionally, we have developed a model to predict LC-19 that incorporates all studied risk factors, achieving a balanced accuracy of 73% and ROC-AUC of 0.80. This model is available as a free online LC-19 calculator, accessible at (LC-19 Calculator).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Identifying Risk Factors and Predicting Long COVID in a Spanish Cohort

Teruel,

Andreu,

Reina

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Motor and Respiratory Tele-Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID-19 after Hospital Discharge: An Interventional Study

Cerfoglio,

Verme,

Capodaglio

et al. 2024

Life

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The persistence of symptoms following COVID-19 infection represents a significant challenge in healthcare management. During the outbreak, tele-rehabilitation emerged as a new tool to support healthcare structures in providing rehabilitation services. This study assessed the effectiveness and the feasibility of a 3-week home-based motor and respiratory rehabilitation program for individuals with long COVID-19 after traditional rehabilitation. Twenty-three patients completed the program and underwent functional tests at different time points (i.e., baseline, at discharge from in-hospital rehabilitation and after tele-rehabilitation). Motor function was evaluated using the instrumented Six-Minutes Walking Test (i6MWT), with monitored heart rate and oxygen saturation. Additionally, respiratory function was measured via forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) tests. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in motor and respiratory function were observed throughout the intervention, including an 18.3% increase in walked distance from the baseline. The findings suggest that the proposed home-based tele-rehabilitation shows potential in enhancing motor and respiratory function in patients with long COVID. Despite limitations such as the small sample size, lack of control group and the preliminary nature of the outcomes observed, the overall findings seem to support the feasibility of the proposed tele-rehabilitation program in managing long COVID symptoms and promoting functional recovery. Nevertheless, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore tele-rehabilitation’s potential in broader and different patient populations

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Clinical Spectrum of Long COVID: Effects on Female Reproductive Health

Maham,

Yoon

2024

Viruses

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has presented numerous health challenges, including long-term COVID, which affects female reproductive health. This review consolidates the current research on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the menstrual cycle, ovarian function, fertility, and overall gynecological health. This study emphasizes the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors in viral entry and the subsequent tissue-specific pathological effects. It also explores the potential influence of long COVID on hormonal balance and immune responses, contributing to menstrual irregularities and impaired ovarian function. The findings indicate a higher prevalence of long-term COVID-19 among women, highlighting the substantial implications for reproductive health and the need for sex-sensitive longitudinal studies. Enhanced surveillance and targeted research are essential to develop effective interventions that prioritize women’s reproductive well-being following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review advocates for a sex-informed approach to ongoing COVID-19 research and healthcare strategies, aiming to provide up-to-date and pertinent data for healthcare providers and the general public, ultimately improving outcomes for females affected by long COVID.

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Long COVID: Factors influencing persistent symptoms and the impact of gender

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Identifying Risk Factors and Predicting Long COVID in a Spanish Cohort

Identifying Risk Factors and Predicting Long COVID in a Spanish Cohort

Motor and Respiratory Tele-Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID-19 after Hospital Discharge: An Interventional Study

Clinical Spectrum of Long COVID: Effects on Female Reproductive Health

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