Clinical characteristics of dermatologic manifestations of COVID‐19 infection: case series of 15 patients, review of literature, and proposed etiological classification

Urticaria and COVID ‐19: A review

“…8,23 Urticarial rash was mainly distributed on trunk or generalized. Other distributions included facial and acral, 9 and acral 7,18,25 locations, and in one patient, the inguinal area, palms, and shoulders were involved. 20 The pattern of urticarial eruption in the two patients with angioedema was generalized.…”

“…The skin rashes were treated with antihistamines, and systemic and topical steroids, and responded favorably to treatment in all reported cases. 8,9,12,15,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Level of care was reported in 129 (64%) patients; of these, 14 (11%) needed treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU), and 115 (89%) were treated either as outpatients or inpatients with standard care. Two patients died; one was an elderly 71-year-old man with several comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, renal failure on dialysis, previous stroke, and obstructive sleep apnea), 22 and no details were available for the other patient.…”

“…5,7,18 The signs and symptoms of skin manifestations precede the classical COVID-19 symptoms, as evidenced in some patients with urticarial rashes. 8,9,12,19,20,[22][23][24] Oral steroids were also alone 15,25 or in conjunction with antihistamines. 8,23,24 Low-dose systemic steroids with antihistamines have been reported to effectively manage COVID-19-associated severe urticaria in a patient with chronic urticaria.…”

The JANUS of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases onset during COVID-19 – A systematic review of the literature

“… [ 335 ] Macular eruption with vasculitis F 81 None [ 336 ] Maculopapular rash 3 F, 1 M 21.75 Hydrocortisone, rupatadine and none [ 337 ] Ulcers 3 M 65.6 Antibiotics [ 338 ] Livedo racemosa and retiform purpura 4 55 Anticoagulation therapy [ 339 ] Enanthem 6 50 N.A. [ 340 ] Erythema nodosum M 42 Topical glucocorticoids [ 341 ] Anagen effluvium, urticarial lesions and maculopapular rash F 35 Low dose systemic glucocorticoids and antihistamines [ 342 ] Maculopapular, pernio-like, urticarial, vasculitic and petechial skin lesions 9 M, 1 F 63 Glucocorticoids [ 343 ] Pernio-like skin lesions F 77 LMW heparin [ 344 ] Acute urticaria M 54 Top...…”

The Dermatological Manifestations in the Coronavirus Infection COVID-19

“…В настоящее время имеется достаточно научных работ, описывающих кожные проявления, ассоциируемые с COVID-19. Предложены алгоритмы диагностики дерматологических симптомов [4][5][6]. Многообразие клинической картины кожных проявлений коронавирусной инфекции требует глубокого анализа с целью правильной интерпретации и дифференциальной диагностики поражений кожного покрова при COVID-19 и других инфекционных экзантем, и дерматозов.…”