Clinical aspects of pulp stones: A case report series

Diagnostic Imaging in Veterinary Dental Practice

“…4 They do not appear to be associated with a pathologic change but can present a challenge when performing a root canal procedure due to difficulty in instrumentation to the apex. 4,5 In human patients, long-term pulpal irritation, which can occur with deep caries lesions, has been shown to be a potential factor in the development of pulp stones. 5 Conversely, another study 6 of humans concluded that pulpal pathology is unlikely to be a contributing factor as pulp stones have been identified in very immature teeth and unerupted teeth, and no relationship between pulp stones and caries lesions in the crown has been identified in humans.…”

Characterization of pulp calcifications and changes in their composition after treatments with citric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solutions

“…Pulp stones, also called denticles or dystrophic calcifications, are calcified masses observed in the coronal or radicular pulp cavity. Calcifications may occlude the pulp chamber and complicate root canal treatment (Bonilla‐Represa et al, 2021; Gabardo et al, 2020; Pietrzycka & Pawlicka, 2020). There are multiple factors related to its appearance, such as the natural aging process, the presence of infections and identification of nanoparticles and nanobacteria (caries and periodontal disease), a response to injuries (traumatic occlusion and orthodontic movement), therapeutic or iatrogenic processes (pulp coatings, dental preparation, revascularization in immature teeth) or genetic causes (Alenazy & Mosadomi, 2013; Bonilla‐Represa et al, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; Gabardo et al, 2020; McCabe & Dummer, 2012; Moura et al, 2017; Movahhedian et al, 2018; Song et al, 2017; Tarim Ertas et al, 2017; Tassoker, 2018).…”

“…Clinically, pulp stones are asymptomatic and often discovered during routine radiological examinations, which can only be observed like radiopaque structures when the calcification level is sufficiently high. They can be identified within the pulp chamber and root canals when they are at least 200 μm in size (Da Silva et al, 2017; Mello‐Moura et al, 2017; Moura et al, 2017; Movahhedian et al, 2018; Pietrzycka & Pawlicka, 2020; Tarim Ertas et al, 2017; Tassoker, 2018). According to their location, pulpal calcifications can be free, attached to, or embedded in dentin (Bonilla‐Represa et al, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; da Silva et al, 2017; Moura et al, 2017; Tassoker, 2018).…”

“…Ultrasonic tips combined with chemical solutions emerge as an alternative for much easier removal than with burs, especially in the pulp chamber. However, in the root canals, transportation, blockage, or even perforation could still happen in some cases (Bonilla‐Represa et al, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; da Silva et al, 2017; Demírel, 2021; Movahhedian et al, 2018; Pietrzycka & Pawlicka, 2020; Sri Varsha, 2019; Tassoker, 2018).…”

“…However, numerous different irrigation solutions/protocols and concentration variations of the chemical cleaning agents of the radicular canals could lead to periapical or periodontal irritation. (Bonilla‐Represa et al, 2021; Chen et al, 2020; da Silva et al, 2017; Demírel, 2021; Movahhedian et al, 2018; Pietrzycka & Pawlicka, 2020; Sri Varsha, 2019; Tassoker, 2018). In this study, we evaluated a pulpal calcification under an inflammatory context.…”