Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares

Heldens, J.G.M.; Hannant, D.; Cullinane, Ann; Prendergast, Michael; Mumford, J. A.; Nelly, Maura; Kydd, Julia H.; Weststrate, M. W.; Hoven, R. van den

doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00131-1

Cited by 94 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is the first study to examine the serological response to EHV‐1/4 vaccination in young Thoroughbred racehorses. Previous studies in naive non‐Thoroughbred weanlings indicated that SNT antibody titres were barely detectable 2 weeks post‐first vaccination using the same vaccine 11. The absence of seronegative status and the strong anamnestic response observed against both EHV subtypes to one vaccine dose in this study suggest that EHV infection is prevalent among young Thoroughbred horses in Ireland.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

“…However, unlike EIV there are no definitive immune correlates of protection to assess vaccine efficacy against EHV‐1/4. Nevertheless, in several vaccination studies serum‐neutralising (SN) antibodies have correlated with protection against some clinical signs and reduced duration of virus shedding 9, 10, 11. The objective of this study was to evaluate virus‐specific antibody titres induced following concurrent and consecutive vaccination against EIV and EHV‐1/4 using the inactivated whole‐virus EIV vaccine Duvaxyn IE Plus and the inactivated bivalent EHV‐1/4 vaccine Duvaxyn EHV‐1,4.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Gildea

Higgins²,

Johnson

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThere is a lack of information concerning concurrent administration of vaccines against equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV‐1/4).ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of the concurrent use of EIV and EHV‐1/4 vaccines in Thoroughbred racehorses on their humoral immune response to EIV.MethodsThis study was carried out on a population of 30 horses using an inactivated whole‐virus EIV vaccine and an inactivated EHV‐1/4 vaccine. Horses were randomly allocated to vaccination group A or B. Horses in group A were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 2 weeks apart. Horses in group B were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 on the same day. Whole‐blood samples were collected on the day of vaccination and 2 weeks and 6 weeks post‐vaccination. Antibody levels against EIV and EHV‐1/4 were measured using the single radial haemolysis and serum neutralisation test, respectively.ResultsThe pattern of EIV antibody response post‐vaccination was similar for both groups. Highest EIV antibody levels were recorded 2 weeks post‐vaccination, and a significant decrease in antibody level was observed 4 weeks later. Horses in group B demonstrated a significantly higher EIV antibody response post‐vaccination. Overall, there was no significant difference in EHV‐1/4 antibody response between the two groups post‐vaccination.ConclusionIn this study, concurrent vaccination against EIV and EHV‐1/4 increased the response to EIV and did not compromise the humoral immune response to EHV‐1/4.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Gildea

Higgins²,

Johnson

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Gradzki and Boguta (2009b) failed to isolate the virus, despite identification of EHV4 in 9 out of 90 clinically ill horses using three cell lines (EEL, MDBK and RK13). However, other reports show that EEL cells are susceptible to EHV4, while RK13 are suitable for EHV1 isolation (Heldens et al 2001). The study performed by Dynon et al (2007) gave similar results to ours with three successful EHV4 isolations from 20 nasal swabs tested.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

First report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in Poland – evaluation of diagnostic tools

Ploszay¹,

Rola²,

Larska³

et al. 2013

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Upper respiratory tract infections are still a serious problem in breeding and racing horses. The most common virological factors are EHV1 and EHV4, which are both a major cause of secondary infections. High EHV4 seroprevalence in Polish horses indicates a high transmission rate of this pathogen among horses and increases the need for proper diagnostics. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable laboratory diagnostic scheme for upper respiratory tract infections and to describe the first isolation of EHV4 in Poland. Twenty one nasal swabs collected from young horses under the age of 2 years showing clinical signs of equine rhinopneumonitis were tested with duplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation between EHV1/EHV4. Positive samples were then subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells. Additionally, real-time PCR was developed which allowed viral copy numbers to be quantified and enabled defining that a DNA load below 10 3 copies per 1 ml of the sample reflected latent infection or decline of the disease. However, the sensitivity of traditional PCR proved to be sufficient in the diagnostic of the lytic infections and allowed identification of 10 EHV4 infected horses from which 3 strains were successfully isolated in cell culture. Another four EHV4 positive results were obtained by real-time PCR; but, a high Ct (threshold cycle) and a low virus DNA copy number suggested a latent infection. This report describes the first successful isolation of EHV4 from Polish horses.

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“…This is in sharp contrast to EHV-1, in which high level of viremia is detectable for a prolonged period in PBLs owing to differences in cell tropism. 7,12 Genomic DNA of EHV-4 gB gene was detected in NSs of all foals on presentation. Although the viral DNA load was high in all foals, the load varied over a 10 6 -fold range.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Herpesvirus-4 Kinetics in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Nasopharyngeal Secretions in Foals Using Quantitative Real-Time TaqMan PCR

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Based on the hypothesis that the viral load of cells infected with EHV-4 will likely change during the course of disease, TaqMan PCR was used to investigate and characterize the kinetics of EHV-4 viral DNA load (glycoprotein B gene) and transcriptional activity (glycoprotein B and latency-associated transcripts) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and nasopharyngeal secretions (NSs) collected from 11 foals during a field outbreak of respiratory disease. The EHV-4 DNA load in PBLs was low and of short duration after onset of clinical signs. In contrast, the EHV-4 load in NSs remained high for the majority of the foals over a period of 4 weeks. Viral replication determined by detection of mRNA expression of the structural glycoprotein B was detected only in NSs during the first 7 days after onset of clinical signs for most foals. The majority of foals expressed latency-associated transcripts in NS sonly during the first 7 days after onset of clinical signs. Persistence of the expression of latency-associated transcripts in NS, as a reflection of a latent viral state, was not documented during the 28-day study period. Based on these results, it was concluded that lytic infection with EHV-4 can be diagnosed either by high EHV-4 DNA load of glycoprotein B gene or by detection of transcriptional activity of glycoprotein B.

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Clinical and virological evaluation of the efficacy of an inactivated EHV1 and EHV4 whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn EHV1,4). Vaccination/challenge experiments in foals and pregnant mares

Cited by 94 publications

References 22 publications

Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

First report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in Poland – evaluation of diagnostic tools

Equine Herpesvirus-4 Kinetics in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Nasopharyngeal Secretions in Foals Using Quantitative Real-Time TaqMan PCR

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