Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease.

Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Serum Levels of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor‐κB Ligand, Osteoprotegerin, and Interleukin‐17 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoporosis and With Periodontal Disease

“…Similar cytokine profiles with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β and TNF‐α, and low levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines have been reported in both conditions 18 . A bidirectional relationship has been suggested to exist between RA and periodontal disease, although findings so far remain equivocal 19‐21 …”

Saliva and Serum Levels of B‐Cell Activating Factors and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α in Patients With Periodontitis

“…Similar cytokine profiles with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β and TNF‐α and low levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines have been reported in both RA and periodontitis 40 . A bidirectional relationship has been suggested to exist between RA and periodontal disease, although findings so far remain equivocal 41‐43 . BAFF and APRIL regulate B‐cell as well as T‐cell functions and have pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory effects in RA.…”

Proinflammatory and Anti‐Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Patients With Chronic Periodontitis

“…RA and CP have remarkably similar pathobiology 9,12,35 . Studies evaluating the association between CP and RA were conducted, but the findings were inconsistent 8,23,34,36‐40 . These differences may be arising from different study designs and different disease classifications.…”