Clinical and imaging tools in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, a review

Abstract

Measurement of serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) level is useful to detect early prostate cancer. PSA-screening may reduce the mortality rate from prostate cancer, but this is associated with a high rate of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. To improve the detection of clinically significant cancers, several auxiliary clinical and imaging tools can be used. The absolute PSA value can be complemented with parameters such as PSA velocity, PSA density and free/total PSA. Transrectal Ultrasound (

Prostate-specific Antigen Velocity (PSAV) and PSAV per Initial Volume (PSAVD) for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer in Chinese Men

“…Xiang-Yi Zheng 1 , Peng Zhang 1 , Li-Ping Xie 1 , Qi-Han You 2 , Bo-Sen Cai 3 , Jie Qin 1 * reports on clinical variables, which may improve the specificity in the early detection of PCa, including PSA density (PSAD), PSA dynamics (velocity and doubling time) and PSA molecular forms as adjuncts to total serum PSA measurements (De Visschere et al, 2010). Some guidelines do incorporate PSA velocity (PSAV) cut points as an indicator for biopsy (Vickers et al, 2009).The utility of PSAV in PCa screening is controversial (Etzioni et al, 2007).…”

Relationship betweenT2relaxation and apparent diffusion coefficient in malignant and non-malignant prostate regions and the effect of peripheral zone fractional volume

“…Significant positive correlations existed between T 2 and ADC for PZ, TZ, PZ and TZ together, but not T 2 weighted (T 2 W) MRI is routinely used for diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer, because the soft-tissue contrast is able to identify hypointense tumours within the high signal intensity of the normal glandular peripheral zone [PZ [1,2]; where the majority (;70%) of prostate cancers occur [3]]. It is less useful at distinguishing hypointense tumours in the transition zone (TZ) because of the low signal intensity of stromal and glandular hyperplasia on T 2 W images.…”

Magnetresonanztomographie

“…Neue technische Entwicklungen eröff-nen diesbezüglich weitere diagnostische Möglichkeiten, wie beispielsweise die Spektroskopie [8,30] oder das Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI [27]). …”

“…Die topologischen Beziehungen bleiben dabei erhalten. Die Flächengröße sowie Grenzlänge der jeweiligen Länder werden allerdings an bestimmte Faktoren gekoppelt, die sich in einem unterschiedlichen Verhältnis der jeweiligen Ländergrößen zur Ausgangskarte verhalten [8]. Die Berechnung hierfür ist auf den Algorithmus von Gastner und Newman zurückzuführen [10].…”