Clinical Anatomy of the Quadriceps Femoris and Extensor Apparatus of the Knee

Waligora, Andrew C.; Johanson, Norman A.; Hirsch, Bruce Elliot

doi:10.1007/s11999-009-1052-y

Cited by 118 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Despite several classical anatomical studies on cadavers, doubts persist regarding the presence, location, anatomical variations and function of some structures in the joint dynamics of the knee extensor mechanism (2,(4)(5)(6) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study demonstrated that this classical trilaminar description is in reality a complex structure with large anatomical variation and poorly defined fascial planes (2) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The insertions are located in the medial epicondyle and in the proximal 2/3 of the medial face of the patella (1,2,5) . Other secondary medial stabilizers of the patella that have been described include the medial retinaculum, patellomeniscal ligament and patellotibial ligament (1,5) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these, the mechanism also includes the patellar retinacula, restrictor ligaments, Hoffa's fat pad and the pre-patellar tissue (1,2) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atualização da anatomia do mecanismo extensor do joelho com uso de técnica de visualização tridimensional

Astur¹,

Oliveira²,

Badra³

et al. 2011

Rev. bras. ortop.

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The knee extensor mechanism is a complex structure formed by the quadriceps muscle and tendon, the patella, the patellar tendon and the ligaments that surround and help stabilize the knee. Through using a three-dimensional viewing technique on images of the knee extensor apparatus, we aimed to didactically show the structures that compose this bone-muscle-ligament complex. Anatomical dissection of the knee with emphasis on the structures of its extensor mechanism was performed, followed by taking photographs using a camera and lenses suitable for simulating human vision, through a technique for constructing three-dimensional images. Then, with the aid ofThe authors declare that there was no conflict of interest in conducting this work this article is available online in portuguese and english at the websites: www.rbo.org.br and www.scielo.br/rbort appropriate software, pairs of images of the same structure from different angles simulating human vision were overlain with the addition of polarizing layer, thereby completing the construction of an anaglyphic image. The main structures of the knee extensor mechanism could be observed with a three-dimensional effect. Among the main benefits relating to this technique, we can highlight that in addition to teaching and studying musculoskeletal anatomy, it has potential use in training for surgical procedures and production of images for diagnostic tests.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study demonstrated that this classical trilaminar description is in reality a complex structure with large anatomical variation and poorly defined fascial planes (2) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these, the mechanism also includes the patellar retinacula, restrictor ligaments, Hoffa's fat pad and the pre-patellar tissue (1,2) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Atualização da anatomia do mecanismo extensor do joelho com uso de técnica de visualização tridimensional

Astur¹,

Oliveira²,

Badra³

et al. 2011

Rev. bras. ortop.

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“…A fairly small portion of the fibers of the superficial lamina lies superficial to the patella and merge directly into the patellar tendon. The description supplied above corresponds to that provided by most anatomy textbooks, but recent studies based on anatomical dissections, have revealed considerable variability in the composition of the distal tendon [7].…”

Section: Normal Anatomy Of the Quadriceps Muscle (Figs 1e3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions

Pasta¹,

Nanni²,

Molini

et al. 2010

Journal of Ultrasound

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Lesions of the quadriceps muscle (QM) are frequently seen by sonographers, and in most cases they are the result of sports-related trauma. An accurate assessment of the severity of the lesion is essential, particularly when the patient is a professional athlete. In most cases, careful history-taking and a thorough physical examination are sufficient for making the diagnosis and indicating the most suitable imaging studies for each case. Clinical assessment alone, however, may not be sufficient for distinguishing contusions from small, partial tears or for estimating the size of a tear. Therefore, at least in patients who are professional athletes, imaging studies are necessary to plan appropriate therapy that will allow prompt functional recovery.Muscles cannot be visualized with conventional radiography, but it is used routinely in prepubertal patients because it can detect apophyseal detachments, which are the most frequent muscle lesion in this age group. Radiography is also useful when myositis ossificans is suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging, thanks to its excellent tissue contrast, allows simultaneous assessment of muscle, joint, and bone planes. It remains a second-line study due to its high cost and relatively low availability. It is also associated with various contraindications, the most important of which is the presence of a cardiac pacemaker. Ultrasonography has a number of advantages, including widespread availability, absence of contraindications, and low cost. It can also be used for dynamic studies of the muscle during contraction and relaxation, and if doubts arise, scans can easily be obtained of the contralateral muscle for comparison purposes. These qualities make it an excellent tool for follow-up of patients with QM lesions, when follow-up is necessary. This article reviews the anatomy of the QM, the technique used for standard ultrasound examination of this muscle, its normal appearance on ultrasound, and the sonographic characteristics of the most common traumatic lesions that affect it.Sommario Le lesioni del muscolo quadricipite (MQ) sono frequenti nella pratica ecografica quotidiana e, nella gran maggioranza dei casi, sono secondarie a traumi, per lo più sportivi. Un'accurata valutazione della gravità delle lesioni è necessaria, in particolare quando siano coinvolti sportivi di alto livello. * Corresponding author. CIM SA, Route de Malagnou 40a,

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Thigh Muscles

Plessis¹,

Loukas²

2016

Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation

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Clinical Anatomy of the Quadriceps Femoris and Extensor Apparatus of the Knee

Cited by 118 publications

References 28 publications

Atualização da anatomia do mecanismo extensor do joelho com uso de técnica de visualização tridimensional

Atualização da anatomia do mecanismo extensor do joelho com uso de técnica de visualização tridimensional

Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions

Thigh Muscles

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