Climbing without the energy ladder: Limitations of rural energy development for forest conservation

Trac, Christine Jane

doi:10.5172/rsj.20.3.308

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Our results support a broader literature showing that concurrent use of clean and solid fuel stoves is pervasive in China ( 21 , 39 – 42 ) and in many other countries where clean fuel use is growing ( 19 , 27 , 43 – 51 ). Clean fuels are increasingly accessible to and used by rural homes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Household transitions to clean energy in a multiprovincial cohort study in China

Carter

et al. 2019

Nat Sustain

103

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Household solid fuel (biomass, coal) burning contributes to climate change and is a leading health risk factor. How and why households stop using solid fuel stoves after adopting clean fuels has not been studied. We assessed trends in the uptake, use, and suspension of household stoves and fuels in a multi-provincial cohort study of 753 Chinese adults and evaluated determinants of clean fuel uptake and solid fuel suspension. Over one-third (35%) and one-fifth (17%) of participants suspended use of solid fuel for cooking and heating, respectively, during the past 20 years. Determinants of solid fuel suspension (younger age, widowed) and of earlier suspension (younger age, higher education, and poor self-reported health status) differed from the determinants of clean fuel uptake (younger age, higher income, smaller households, and retired) and of earlier adoption (higher income). Clean fuel adoption and solid fuel suspension warrant joint consideration as indicators of household energy transition. Household energy research and planning efforts that more closely examine solid fuel suspension may accelerate household energy transitions that benefit climate and human health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Household transitions to clean energy in a multiprovincial cohort study in China

Carter

et al. 2019

Nat Sustain

103

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“…The issue of stove stacking is not new; over the last 20 years, empirical evidence exists from LMICs that households gaining access to LPG were only marginally displacing traditional fuels (Masera et al 2000; Masera and Navia 1997). More recently, large-scale programmes including the substitution of household kerosene with LPG in Indonesia (Andadari et al 2014) and rural electrification in China (Trac 2011) have stressed the problem of stacking. Use of multiple fuels is a barrier to achieve reductions in household air pollution necessary to achieve WHO indoor air quality targets to positively impact health which require almost exclusive use of clean fuels or technologies (Johnson and Chiang 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Determinants of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a Cooking Fuel in SW Cameroon

et al. 2018

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Currently 70% of the population in Cameroon are reliant on solid fuel for cooking (90% in rural communities) and the associated household air pollution contributes to significant mortality and morbidity in the country. To address the problems of energy security, deforestation and pollution the government has developed a strategy (Masterplan) to increase use of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as a cooking fuel from 12% to 58% by 2030. As a clean fuel scaled adoption of LPG has the potential to make significant positive impacts on population health. The LPG Adoption in Cameroon Evaluation (LACE) studies are assessing in the community (i) barriers and enablers for and (ii) local interventions to support, adoption and sustained use of LPG. A census survey conducted for LACE in rural and peri-urban regions of SW Cameroon provided an opportunity to investigate current fuel use patterns and factors associated with primary and exclusive use of LPG. A cross-sectional survey of 1577 households (1334 peri-urban and 243 rural) was conducted in March 2016 using standardised fuel use and household socio-demographic questions, administered by trained fieldworkers. Wood (40.7%) and LPG (51.1%) were the most frequently reported fuels, although the dominant fuels in rural and peri-urban communities were wood (81%) and LPG (58%) respectively. Fuel stacking was observed for the majority of LPG using households (91% of peri-urban and 99% of rural households). In rural homes, a higher level of education, access to sanitation and piped water and household wealth (income and asset ownership) were all significantly associated with LPG use (p < 0.05). In peri-urban homes, younger age, access to sanitation and piped water and increasing education were significantly associated with both any and exclusive use of LPG (p < 0.05). However, whilst household wealth was related to any LPG use, there was no relationship with exclusive use. Results from this census survey of a relatively well-established LPG market with lower levels of poverty and high levels of education than Cameroon as a whole, find LPG usage well below target levels set by the Cameroon government (58% by 2030). Fuel stacking is an issue for the majority of LPG using households. Whilst, as observed here, education, household wealth and socio-economic status are well recognised predictors of adoption and sustained use of clean modern fuels, it is important to consider factors across the whole LPG eco-system when developing policies to support their scaled expansion. A comprehensive approach is therefore required to ensure implementation of the Cameroon LPG Masterplan achieves its aspirational adoption target within its stated timeframe.

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“…Ruiz-Mercado and Masera [27] present the idea that improved cookstoves should be designed to be task-specific, as displacing the traditional cookstove with a single improved cookstove for all tasks remains impractical. Studies from Mexico, Botswana, India, Thailand, China, found have found that even when modern fuels are widely available, fuelwood is used to prepare traditional dishes [26,25,89,90,91]. Gould and Urpelainen [37] report that LPG was primarily used to prepare tea and snacks and Piedrahita et al [62] found that the improved biomass cookstoves were reported to be superior for making some dishes but not others.…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner Cooking: Exploring Tools to Measure and Understand the Long-term Adoption and Environmental Significance of Cookstoves in India

Hing

2023

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About 40% of the world's population, or roughly 3 billion people, rely on solid biomass fuels like coal, wood, dung, and crop residues to cook and meet their household energy needs. This outdated energy system has severe social, health, and environmental implications. Women are disproportionately affected as they predominantly bear the burden of cooking and collecting fuelwood, which exacerbates the "time poverty" trap that restricts them from participating in economic and educational activities. Exposure to indoor solid fuel combustion, also known as household air pollution, is responsible for 3-4 million premature deaths per year and is a leading risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, childhood pneumonia, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and lung cancer. Solid-fuel cooking contributes to 16% of global ambient air pollution, emitting CO 2 and other climate-forcing pollutants like carbon monoxide, black carbon, and methane.To tackle the issue of solid-fuel cooking on a global scale, initiatives have been launched to introduce energy-efficient cookstoves known as "improved" or "clean" cookstoves. These cookstoves can significantly reduce fuel use, emissions, and cooking time compared to open fires or rudimentary cookstoves. They are considered a cost-effective climate mitigation strategy, with the potential to reduce emissions by 1 Gigatonne CO 2 e per year if implemented globally. Nevertheless, for improved cookstoves to have any tangible health benefits, they must attain high levels of efficiency. The reduced burden on women from less fuelwood collection time and labor, as well as shorter cooking times, should not be disregarded, but households must first adopt the improved cookstoves for any benefits to be achieved. Improved cookstoves programs have largely failed to achieve their promised advantages dueIn summary, this research presents case studies and method analyses that highlight the importance of incorporating user-centered design techniques and sensor data in cookstove interventions. Using reliable methods to measure the impact of cookstoves' projects is necessary for the development of the cookstoves sector and addressing the negative effects of solid-fuel cooking globally. Moreover, the lessons learned from these studies can also extend to technology intervention projects more broadly. i Standing before the stove Hungry for hope Flames, wood, The smell of ash The planet speaks Not of ends, but beginnings. -Z. Hing ii Contents Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables ix x C.1 Testing data for field tests (n = 3) of the BIS and mud chulha (cold start), boiling

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Climbing without the energy ladder: Limitations of rural energy development for forest conservation

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Household transitions to clean energy in a multiprovincial cohort study in China

Household transitions to clean energy in a multiprovincial cohort study in China

Household Determinants of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a Cooking Fuel in SW Cameroon

Cleaner Cooking: Exploring Tools to Measure and Understand the Long-term Adoption and Environmental Significance of Cookstoves in India

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