Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006

Tuovinen, Jari Petteri; Punkka, Ari Juhani; Rauhala, Jenni; Hohti, Harri; Schultz, David M.

doi:10.1175/2008mwr2707.1

Cited by 76 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Also, severe hail (Fig. 2c, hail data adapted from Tuovinen et al 2009) seems to have a similar geographical distribution as tornado cases in Finland, although a few of the cases in the two datasets are from the same events. The main differences in the geographical distributions are the larger number of severe hail cases compared to tornado cases in agricultural areas in western Finland, and the smaller number of severe hail cases compared to tornado cases over coastal waters and in southeast Finland, where 30% of the surface are lakes.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In comparison, large hail (2-3.9 cm in diameter) is most frequent between 1400 and 1800 LT and very large hail (4 cm or larger) between 1600 and 2000 LT (Tuovinen et al 2009). Tuovinen et al (2009) speculated this shift to be related to delayed initiation of convection in slightly capped environments, which favor the most intense updrafts. We speculate that capping inversions may occur in some of the tornado situations in Finland, which would explain the later maximum of tornado cases compared to the cloud-to-ground flash-rate maximum.…”

Section: Diurnal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In comparison, cloud-toground lightning may occur in Finland from April to November (Tuomi and Mä kelä 2008), with the cloud-toground flash rate the highest in continental Finland in July and highest over the seas in July and August (Tuomi and Mä kelä 2007). The majority (94%) of severe hail cases in Finland occur between June and August, with July being the peak month (Tuovinen et al 2009). …”

Section: Monthly Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, Finnish meteorologists have started to appreciate the occurrence and threat of severe weather. This appreciation has led to several studies on severe weather in Finland: a climatology of mesoscale convective systems (Punkka and Bister 2005), a case study of a severe thunderstorm outbreak (Punkka et al 2006), micrometeorological measurements of a microburst (Jä rvi et al 2007), a severe hail climatology (Tuovinen et al 2009), and several case studies of tornadoes (e.g., Teittinen et al 2006;Teittinen and Mä kelä 2008;Outinen and Teittinen 2008;Rauhala and Punkka 2008). Yet, no climatology of tornadoes exists for Finland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tornado Climatology of Finland

Rauhala

Brooks

Schultz

2012

Monthly Weather Review

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Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Diurnal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Monthly Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tornado Climatology of Finland

Rauhala

Brooks

Schultz

2012

Monthly Weather Review

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“…Few studies address the climatology of hail events in Europe (Tuovinen et al, 2009;Webb et al, 2009;Hyvärinen and Saltikoff, 2010). Likewise, predictive models of hail events are lacking and are related in most of the cases with precipitation models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of hail damages and temperature series for peninsular Spain

Saá-Requejo¹,

Moreno

Álvarez³

et al. 2011

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract.Hail is a serious concern for agriculture on the Iberian Peninsula. Hailstorms affect crop yield and/or quality to a degree that depends on the crop species and the phenological time. In Europe, Spain is one of the countries that experience relatively high agricultural losses related to hailstorms. It is of high interest to study models that can support calculations of the probabilities of economic losses due to hail damage and of the tendency over time for such losses.Some studies developed in France and the Netherdlands show that the summer mean temperature was highly correlated with a yearly hail severity index developed from hailrelated parameters obtained for insurance purposes. Meanwhile, other studies in the USA point out that a highly significant correlation between both is not possible to find due to high climatic variability.The aim of this work is to test the correlation between average minimum temperatures and hail damage intensity over the Spanish Iberian Peninsula. With this purpose, correlation analyses on both variables were performed for the 47 Spanish provinces (as individuals and single set) and for all crops and four individual crops: grapes, wheat, barley and winter grains. Suitable crop insurance data are available from 1981 until 2007 and based on this period, temperature data were obtained.This study does not confirm the results previously obtained for France and the Netherlands that relate observed hail damage to the average minimum temperature. The reason for this difference and the nature of the cases observed are discussed.

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An empirical model relating U.S. monthly hail occurrence to large‐scale meteorological environment

Allen

Tippett

Sobel

2015

J Adv Model Earth Syst

101

147

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An empirical model relating monthly hail occurrence to the large-scale environment has been developed and tested for the United States (U.S.). Monthly hail occurrence for each 1 31 grid box is defined as the number of hail events that occur there during a month; a hail event consists of a 3 h period with at least one report of hail larger than 1 in. The model is derived using climatological annual cycle data only. Environmental variables are taken from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR; 1979-2012.The model includes four environmental variables convective precipitation, convective available potential energy, storm relative helicity, and mean surface to 90 hPa specific humidity. The model differs in its choice of variables and their relative weighting from existing severe weather indices. The model realistically matches the annual cycle of hail occurrence both regionally and for the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The modeled spatial distribution is also consistent with the observed hail climatology. However, the westward shift of maximum hail frequency during the summer months is delayed in the model relative to observations, and the model has a lower frequency of hail just east of the Rocky Mountains compared to observations. Year-to-year variability provides an independent test of the model. On monthly and annual time scales, the model reproduces observed hail frequencies. Overall model trends are small compared to observed changes, suggesting that further analysis is necessary to differentiate between physical and nonphysical trends. The empirical hail model provides a new tool for exploration of connections between large-scale climate and severe weather.

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Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006

Abstract: A climatology of severe hail (2 cm in diameter or larger) in Finland was constructed by collecting newspaper, storm-spotter, and eyewitness reports. The climatology covered the warm season

Cited by 76 publications

References 45 publications

Tornado Climatology of Finland

Tornado Climatology of Finland

Analysis of hail damages and temperature series for peninsular Spain

An empirical model relating U.S. monthly hail occurrence to large‐scale meteorological environment

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