Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in the global oceans

Jiang, Li‐Qing; Feely, Richard A.; Carter, Brendan R.; Greeley, Dana; Gledhill, D. K.; Arzayus, Krisa M.

doi:10.1002/2015gb005198

Cited by 151 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…The aragonite (one form of calcium carbonate) saturation state ( arag ) is essentially the ratio between the concentrations of calcium and carbonate ions (Doney et al, 2009). The aragonite saturation state shows a similar distribution to sea surface temperature with arag being highest in the warmest ocean regions and lowest in polar regions (Jiang et al, 2015). Surface waters of the ocean are generally supersaturated with respect to aragonite ( arag > 1).…”

Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aragonite saturation state diminishes with depth, due partly to hydrostatic pressure and lower temperature, with a distinct aragonite "saturation horizon" below which waters become under-saturated for aragonite ( arag < 1) (Jiang et al, 2015). The saturation horizon is a complex outcome of ocean circulation, temperature, CO 2 concentrations, salinity, metabolic activity, and the concentrations of organic compounds and occurs at depths between 200 and 3,500 m, depending on the latitude and the ocean (Orr et al, 2005;Doney et al, 2009;Rhein et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The saturation horizon is a complex outcome of ocean circulation, temperature, CO 2 concentrations, salinity, metabolic activity, and the concentrations of organic compounds and occurs at depths between 200 and 3,500 m, depending on the latitude and the ocean (Orr et al, 2005;Doney et al, 2009;Rhein et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2015). Surface waters and waters at 50 m depth are mostly supersaturated throughout the global ocean (Jiang et al, 2015), however in western Arctic waters, the area of under-saturated waters in the upper 250 m north of 70 • N has increased from 5 to 31% between 1990s and 2010 (Qi et al, 2017). At 500 m, large areas of undersaturated arag water are found in the northern and equatorial Pacific ocean.…”

Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

et al. 2017

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Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments, where they provide food and habitat to a large range of organisms as well as providing many other ecological goods and services. Warm-water coral reefs, for example, occupy shallow sunlit, warm, and alkaline waters in order to grow and calcify at the high rates necessary to build and maintain their calcium carbonate structures. At deeper locations (40-150 m), "mesophotic" (low light) coral reefs accumulate calcium carbonate at much lower rates (if at all in some cases) yet remain important as habitat for a wide range of organisms, including those important for fisheries. Finally, even deeper, down to 2,000 m or more, the so-called "cold-water" coral reefs are found in the dark depths. Despite their importance, coral reefs are facing significant challenges from human activities including pollution, over-harvesting, physical destruction, and climate change. In the latter case, even lower greenhouse gas emission scenarios (such as Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 4.5) are likely drive the elimination of most warm-water coral reefs by 2040-2050. Cold-water corals are also threatened by warming temperatures and ocean acidification although evidence of the direct effect of climate change is less clear. Evidence that coral reefs can adapt at rates which are sufficient for them to keep up with rapid ocean warming and acidification is minimal, especially given that corals are long-lived and hence have slow rates of evolution. Conclusions that coral reefs will migrate to higher latitudes as they warm are equally unfounded, with the observations of tropical species appearing at high latitudes "necessary but not sufficient" evidence that entire coral reef ecosystems are shifting. On the contrary, coral reefs are likely to degrade rapidly over the next 20 years, presenting fundamental challenges for the 500 million people who derive food, income, coastal protection, and a range of other services from coral reefs. Unless rapid advances to the goals of the Paris Climate Change Agreement occur over the next decade, hundreds of millions of people are likely to face increasing amounts of poverty and social disruption, and, in some cases, regional insecurity.

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Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Changes In the Extent Of Anthropogenic Stresses On Comentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

et al. 2017

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“…Those organisms using the calciumcarbonate mineral form aragonite in their external hard parts (e.g., some molluscs) are especially vulnerable since oceanic CO 2 uptake lowers the aragonite saturation state ( A ) of seawater (Waldbusser et al, 2015). While carbonate system dynamics and/or acid-base chemistry have been studied extensively in marine (e.g., Jiang et al, 2015) and freshwater (e.g., Schindler, 1988) environments, less is known in the diverse estuaries where these two zones meet (Salisbury et al, 2008;Hagens and Middelburg, 2016;Cai et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sensitivity of estuarine aragonite saturation state and pH to the carbonate chemistry of a freshet-dominated river

2018

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Abstract. Ocean acidification threatens to reduce pH and aragonite saturation state ( A ) in estuaries, potentially damaging their ecosystems. However, the impact of highly variable river total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on pH and A in these estuaries is unknown. We assess the sensitivity of estuarine surface pH and A to river TA and DIC using a coupled biogeochemical model of the Strait of Georgia on the Canadian Pacific coast and place the results in the context of global rivers. The productive Strait of Georgia estuary has a large, seasonally variable freshwater input from the glacially fed, undammed Fraser River. Analyzing TA observations from this river plume and pH from the river mouth, we find that the Fraser is moderately alkaline (TA 500-1000 µmol kg −1 ) but relatively DICrich. Model results show that estuarine pH and A are sensitive to freshwater DIC and TA, but do not vary in synchrony except at high DIC : TA. The asynchrony occurs because increased freshwater TA is associated with increased DIC, which contributes to an increased estuarine DIC : TA and reduces pH, while the resulting higher carbonate ion concentration causes an increase in estuarine A . When freshwater DIC : TA increases (beyond ∼ 1.1), the shifting chemistry causes a paucity of the carbonate ion that overwhelms the simple dilution/enhancement effect. At this high DIC : TA ratio, estuarine sensitivity to river chemistry increases overall. Furthermore, this increased sensitivity extends to reduced flow regimes that are expected in future. Modulating these negative impacts is the seasonal productivity in the estuary which draws down DIC and reduces the sensitivity of estuarine pH to increasing DIC during the summer season.

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“…The distribution of ΔΩ a also follows the pattern of ocean acidification rates at 100 m, which is less than -1.24 ± 0.29 % yr -1 reported at 100 m for the Northeast Pacific region by Jiang et al (2015). However, the P17N rate is faster than -0.27 ± 0.03 to -0.28 ± 0.04 % yr , this study suggests that P17N is among the most sensitive regions to ocean acidification in terms of high rates of pH decrease and fast shoaling of the aragonite saturation horizon.…”

Section: Anthropogenic Co 2 Effects On Carbonate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 58%

Capturing dynamics of marine inorganic carbon fluxes from diurnal to decadal timescales

Chu¹

2017

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The marine carbon cycle plays an important role in regulating Earth's climate. The vastness of the open ocean and the large variability in the coastal ocean provide obstacles to accurately quantify storage and transport of inorganic carbon within marine ecosystems and between marine and other earth systems.Thus far, the open ocean has been the only true net sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (C anthro ) emissions. However, ocean storage of C anthro is not uniformly distributed. Changes in water chemistry in the Northeast Pacific were quantified to estimate the amount of C anthro stored in this region over the last decade. This additional C anthro was found to cause acidification and aragonite saturation horizon shoaling at rates towards the higher end of those found in Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins, making the Northeast Pacific one of the most sensitive regions to the invasion of anthropogenic carbon dioxide.Due to large variability in biogeochemical signals in coastal oceans, it is challenging to accurately assess carbon fluxes across different boundaries, such as tidal exchange between coastal wetlands and coastal oceans. Coastal salt marshes have been suggested to be a large net CO 2 sink, thus designated as a type of "blue carbon." However, accurate and dynamic estimates of carbon fluxes to and from tidal marshes are still premature, particularly carbon fluxes from marshes to the coastal ocean via tidal exchange, often referred to as marsh lateral fluxes. In this thesis, lateral total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) export fluxes were realistically quantified using high frequency time-series, in situ data. High-resolution fluxes permitted a closer look at how marsh generated TA and DIC are being exported over diurnal, spring-neap, and seasonal scales. I investigated the best way to capture variability of marsh exports via traditional bottle sampling and assessed uncertainties associated with different sampling strategies. Marsh TA and DIC exports significantly modified buffering capacity of coastal waters. This work contains the first realistic estimate of TA exports from a tidal salt marsh. Accurate estimates of DIC and TA fluxes indicate the significance of salt marshes to the coastal carbon and alkalinity budgets.

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Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in the global oceans

Cited by 151 publications

References 60 publications

Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

The sensitivity of estuarine aragonite saturation state and pH to the carbonate chemistry of a freshet-dominated river

Capturing dynamics of marine inorganic carbon fluxes from diurnal to decadal timescales

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