Climate Variability and Change: Response of a Coastal Ocean Ecosystem

Abstract

Background: MBARI Long Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle designed to collect time-series measurements (credit: Kip Evans). Left photo: The M1 mooring just after deployment (credit: Francisco Chavez). Right photo: Time series CTD deployment on R/V Rachel Carson (credit: Todd Walsh). " Time-series programs should themselves be subject to change, whenever it is necessary to do so. " .

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Toward Synthesis of Thresholds of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Calcifying Pteropods and Interactions With Warming

“…Keywords: ocean acidification, warming, water quality criteria, thresholds, pteropods, meta-analyses, synthesis, expert consensus INTRODUCTION Ocean acidification (OA) is already impacting marine habitats worldwide, with projected changes to become widespread over this century (Bakun et al, 2010). The greatest rate of change is anticipated in the upwelling and polar regions (Bopp et al, 2013;Chavez et al, 2017), where OA is often compounded by co-occurring stressors, such as hypoxia, thermal stress, and increasing pollution sources from urbanizing coastlines. Concern is growing on the possibility that combined stressors may push ecosystems beyond their tipping points and deleteriously impact ecosystem services (Groffman et al, 2006;Crain et al, 2008;Halpern et al, 2008;Barbier et al, 2011).…”

Time series assessment of Thaumarchaeota ecotypes in Monterey Bay reveals the importance of water column position in predicting distribution–environment relationships

“…Monterey Bay is a dynamic system with seasonal fluctuations in nutrients due to upwelling, leading to its importance for fisheries and primary production (Breaker and Broenkow ; Rosenfeld et al ; Olivieri and Chavez ; Pennington and Chavez ; Chavez et al ). Previous work highlights an active nitrogen cycle in Monterey Bay with interplay between phytoplankton, bacteria, and archaea in surface waters (Ward ; Wankel et al ; Fawcett and Ward ; Smith et al ).…”

Reply to review by Niki Gruber

“…Model projections show undersaturation in surface waters in the Beaufort Sea by 2025 (Steiner et al, 2014). Along the Pacific coast, atmospheric CO 2 uptake in combination with intensified upwelling that brings low-pH, low-oxygen water onto the shelves leads to aragonite levels below the saturation threshold in large portions of the subsurface waters (Feely et al, , 2018Chavez et al, 2017). Here half of the shelf is projected to be undersaturated by 2050 (Gruber et al, 2012;Hauri et al, 2013;Turi et al, 2016).…”

“…In the Gulf of Alaska, freshwater and tidal influences strongly affect cross- Mathis et al, 2013); California Current (mooring CCE2; Sutton et al, 2012); coastal western Gulf of Maine mooring ; South Atlantic Bight (Gray's Reef mooring; Sutton et al, 2011) shelf exchange, and the shelf is dominated by a downwelling circulation. The region from Vancouver Island to Baja California is a classic eastern boundary current upwelling region -the California Current System (Chavez et al, 2017;Hickey, 1998). Winds drive a coastal upwelling circulation characterized by equatorward flow in the California Current and by coastal jets and their associated eddies and fronts that extend offshore, particularly off the coasts of Baja California, California, Washington, and Oregon (Huyer, 1983).…”

“…Along the North American Pacific coast, upwelling-favorable winds have intensified in recent years, especially in the northern parts of the upwelling regimes Rykaczewski and Checkley, 2008;Rykaczewski et al, 2015;Sydeman et al, 2014). This has led to a shoaling of nutrient-rich subsurface waters (Aksnesa and Ohman, 2009;Bograd et al, 2015), increased productivity (Chavez et al, 2011(Chavez et al, , 2017Jacox et al, 2015;Kahru et al, 2015), higher DIC delivery to the surface (Turi et al, 2016), and declining oxygen levels (Crawford and Peña, 2016;Peterson et al, 2013;Bograd et al, 2015). Table 2.…”