Climate Change and Effects on Molds and Mycotoxins

Zingales, Veronica; Taroncher, Mercedes; Martino, Piera Anna; Ruiz, María-José; Caloni, F.

doi:10.3390/toxins14070445

Cited by 71 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Some predictions can be made concerning the evolution of the trends of fungal diseases in the decades ahead [ 273 ]. Climate change can act as a driver for changes in the patterns of fungal diseases [ 274 ]. For dry-weather fungal spores (e.g., Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum spp.…”

Section: Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi

Oliveira

Lisboa

et al. 2023

JoF

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Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere and surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including the human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic fungal diseases and fungal infections. Worldwide fungal disease incidence is increasing, with new emerging fungal diseases appearing yearly. Reasons for this increase are the expansion of life expectancy, the number of immunocompromised patients (immunosuppressive treatments for transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases), the number of uncontrolled underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus), and the misusage of medication (e.g., corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics). Managing fungal diseases is challenging; only four classes of antifungal drugs are available, resistance to these drugs is increasing, and no vaccines have been approved. The present work reviews the implications of fungal particles in human health from allergic diseases (i.e., allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, severe asthma with fungal sensitization, thunderstorm asthma, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and occupational lung diseases) to infections (i.e., superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic infections). Topics such as the etiological agent, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment will be revised to improve the knowledge of this growing health concern.

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Section: Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi

Oliveira

Lisboa

et al. 2023

JoF

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“…Climatic and weather conditions (excessive moisture, temperature extremes, humidity, and drought) during critical plant growing stages, as well insect damage, crop systems, and some agronomic practices can cause plant stress and determine the severity of mycotoxin contamination [ 5 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. In this scenario, climate change may have significant implications and effects on the distribution and occurrence of mycotoxins in the agri-food chain [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Mycotoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

Cheli

Ottoboni

Fumagalli

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Mycotoxin risk in the feed supply chain poses a concern to animal and human health, economy, and international trade of agri-food commodities. Mycotoxin contamination in feed and food is unavoidable and unpredictable. Therefore, monitoring and control are the critical points. Effective and rapid methods for mycotoxin detection, at the levels set by the regulations, are needed for an efficient mycotoxin management. This review provides an overview of the use of the electronic nose (e-nose) as an effective tool for rapid mycotoxin detection and management of the mycotoxin risk at feed business level. E-nose has a high discrimination accuracy between non-contaminated and single-mycotoxin-contaminated grain. However, the predictive accuracy of e-nose is still limited and unsuitable for in-field application, where mycotoxin co-contamination occurs. Further research needs to be focused on the sensor materials, data analysis, pattern recognition systems, and a better understanding of the needs of the feed industry for a safety and quality management of the feed supply chain. A universal e-nose for mycotoxin detection is not realistic; a unique e-nose must be designed for each specific application. Robust and suitable e-nose method and advancements in signal processing algorithms must be validated for specific needs.

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“…A good example is the genetically distinct S strain morphotype of Aspergillus avus (Probst et al 2012), which was associated with the deadly a atoxin contamination events in Kenya between the year 2004 and 2006 (Azziz-Baumgartner et al 2005;Islam et al 2018;Omara et al 2021). Climate change and associated variations in temperature and moisture may be linked to the widespread shift in the emergence of mycotoxigenic fungal contaminants on food (Zingales et al 2022). Besides these explanations, human con icts and political instability around the world may have accelerated the spread of mycotoxins through their possible use as bioweapons (Venkataramana et al 2015), with A. avus being among microbes of growing concern as potential bioweapons in Kenya and around the world (UNODA 1972; Nthakanio and Wakhungu 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticides influence colonization and toxin accumulation by Aspergillus and Fusarium in orange and white maize flour varying in susceptibility to mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens

Ochieno

Nekesa

Naluyange

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species that contaminate cereal crops with aflatoxins and fumonisins are a major threat to food security, human and animal health. Cases of mycotoxin contamination have been on the rise globally, with causes of such surges raising research interests. We conducted factorial experiments in the laboratory to test the hypothesis that some recently produced improved maize varieties that are not purposively bred for resistance to storage insect pests and mycotoxigenic fungi, require protection by synthetic insecticides, which in turn serve as nutrient sources to mycotoxigenic fungi, leading to invasive growth and enhanced toxin production by fungi, especially in conditions of high moisture. Flour from the improved white maize variety Western 505 that is not purposively bred for resistance to storage insect pests and mycotoxigenic fungi had the highest level of colonisation by A. flavus (6,633 CFU g-1) and Fusarium sp. (10,870 CFU g-1) with consequent elevated concentrations of aflatoxin (203 ppb) and fumonisin (2.23 ppm); while flour from the local yellow maize variety Spindi exhibited the least colonisation and mycotoxin production by A. flavus (4,133 CFU g-1) and Fusarium sp. (6,145 CFU g-1) with the local white Rachar being intermediate, at high moisture conditions. The synthetic insecticides Super Blue Cross (BC) and Actellic Super (AS) promoted growth and mycotoxin production by A. flavus and Fusarium sp.; while Ash promoted growth of A. flavus and Fusarium sp., but suppressed mycotoxin production by the two mycotoxigenic fungi (Aflatoxin and Fumonisin: control=114 ppb and 1.46 ppm; Ash=114 ppb and 1.46 ppm; AS=270 ppb and 2.31 ppm; BC=320 ppb and 3.55 ppm). It is concluded that flours from the local yellow Spindi and local white Rachar maize varieties are less susceptible to infection and mycotoxin contamination by A. flavus and Fusarium sp. compared to the improved white maize variety WH505, which accumulates higher levels of the mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins, especially when treated with the synthetic insecticides Super Blue Cross and Actellic® Super that act as fungal nutrient sources under high moisture conditions. The implications of these findings are further discussed in the context of some relevant policies.

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Climate Change and Effects on Molds and Mycotoxins

Cited by 71 publications

References 88 publications

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

Insecticides influence colonization and toxin accumulation by Aspergillus and Fusarium in orange and white maize flour varying in susceptibility to mycotoxigenic fungal pathogens

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