Clima motivacional y niveles de ansiedad en futbolistas de categorías inferiores (Motivational climate and levels of anxiety in soccer players of lower divisions)

Abstract

La motivación y la ansiedad representan factores psicológicos fundamentales en el contexto deportivo, por su estrecha relación con el rendimiento deportivo, por lo que la presente investigación tiene como objetivos describir los niveles de ansiedad y clima motivacional percibido de los deportistas estudiados, y analizar las diferencias entre el clima motivacional percibido y los niveles de ansiedad en una muestra de futbolistas de categorías inferiores, compuesta por un total de 154 jugadores de fútbol federados de entre 16 y 18 años de edad (16,96±.77), pertenecientes a las categorías División de Honor, Nacional, Preferente, Primera Provincial y Segunda Provincial. Los sujetos fueron evaluados mediante un cuestionario de Clima Motivacional (PMCQS-2) y el inventario de ansiedad (STAI). Los resultados indican que los futbolistas de categorías inferiores presentan niveles elevados de ansiedad-estado y ansiedad-rasgo; en cuanto al clima motivacional, los futbolistas analizados perciben en su mayoría un clima motivacional de implicación a la tarea. Los deportistas con una percepción motivacional de implicación a la tarea muestran niveles medios de ansiedad-estado, mientras que los sujetos con una menor percepción motivacional con implicación a la tarea tienen niveles de ansiedad alta. Resulta importante prestar atención a las asociaciones existentes entre el clima motivacional percibido y los niveles de ansiedad de los deportistas en la formación psicológica de los entrenadores de categorías inferiores de fútbol, promoviendo climas motivacionales orientados a la tarea e interviniendo mediante el uso de técnicas de relajación con el fin de disminuir los niveles de ansiedad. Abstract. Motivation and anxiety represent fundamental psychological factors in the sport context, due to its close relationship with sports performance. Thus, the objective of this research was to describe the levels of anxiety and motivational climate perceived by athletes, as well as to analyze the differences between the levels of motivation perceived and anxiety levels in 154 federated soccer players between 16 and 18 years of age (16.96 ± 0.77) from lower division (Honor Division, National, Preferred, First Provincial and Second Provincial). The subjects were evaluated through a Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PMCQS-2) and the anxiety inventory (STAI). The results indicate that soccer players degenerate in high levels of anxiety and state-anxiety. In terms of motivational climate, the players mostly perceive a motivational climate of involvement in the task. Athletes with a motivational perception of involvement demonstrated average levels of anxiety, while subjects with a lower motivational perception with involvement in the task were found with high levels of anxiety. It is important to pay attention to the existing associations between the perceived motivational climate and the levels of anxiety of athletes in the psychological training of the trainers in lower soccer divisions, promoting motivational climates oriented towards task and intervening through the use of relaxation techniques in order to decrease anxiety levels.

Perceived Motivational Climate Determines Self-Confidence and Precompetitive Anxiety in Young Soccer Players: Analysis by Gender

“…The relationships with self-confidence and insecurity were stronger, since ego climate was negatively linked to self-confidence and positively to insecurity, and task climate perception was positively associated with selfconfidence and negatively with insecurity. Despite not finding relationships between somatic anxiety and motivational climate, these results are consistent with previous studies that obtained similar results in sports such as football and others [4,5,[40][41][42].…”

Diferencias en la percepción del clima motivacional de los jugadores de minibasket atendiendo a los resul-tados de los partidos. Estudio piloto en iniciación deportiva (Differences in the perception of mini-basketball players’ motivational climate according to the games’ re-sults. A pilot study in youth sport)

“…Sin embargo, cuando se genera un clima orientado al ego, los jugadores prestan más atención a ganar o compararse con otros (Boixadós et al, 2004;Van Puyenbroeck et al, 2019). Tal y como sugiere la teoría de las Metas de Logro, los jugadores con una percepción alta de clima orientado a la tarea muestran una mayor cohesión de grupo, compromiso, motivación autónoma, competencia percibida, autoestima, trabajo en equipo y una menor ansiedad e ira (Boyd et al, 2014;Castro-Sánchez et al, 2019;Harwood & Thrower, 2020;Harwood et al, 2015;Miller et al, 2004;Ruiz et al, 2016). Los jugadores que perciben altos valores de clima orientado al ego desarrollan conductas de mayor frustración, demostración de habilidad, competición y resultados motivacionales negativos (García-González et al, 2019;Gjesdal et al, 2019;Nicholls, 1989).…”

An Explanatory Model of Sport Motivation, Physical Self-Concept and Anxiety as a Function of the Degree of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Future Physical Education Teachers

“…Likewise, motivational climate can help to reduce this disruptive state. In this case, when motivation is oriented towards the task climate, anxiety levels decrease, due to the segregation of neurotransmitters [ 15 , 16 ], however, when sport practice is oriented towards the ego climate, anxiety levels increase, as participants focus on the competition, where success is defined as overcoming rivals and demonstrating superior ability [ 17 ]. In this case, continued exposure to such high levels of anxiety has a negative impact on people’s health, because high levels of anxiety have been shown to negatively affect adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet [ 18 ].…”