CLEARPOND: Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood Densities

Marian, Viorica; Bartolotti, James; Chabal, Sarah; Shook, Anthony

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043230

Cited by 312 publications

(335 citation statements)

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“…Contrary to Experiment 1, the pseudowords (with or without accent mark) had no orthographic neighbors (according to NIM; Guasch et al, 2013). Furthermore, we made sure that the bigram frequency (computed with CLEARPOND; Marian, Bartolotti, Chabal, & Shook, 2012) was similar between pseudowords and words in each list 10 . Table 6 provides some examples of the stimuli used in Experiment 2 and the list of the words and the pseudowords appears in Appendix B.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accent mark and visual word recognition in Spanish

Schwab¹

2015

loquens

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The present research aims at determining to what extent an orthographic error related to the accent mark affects the visual recognition of Spanish words. For this, we conducted two experiments of visual lexical decision (with no word production), in which Spanish-speaking participants were instructed to ignore the presence or the absence of the accent mark.Stimuli were composed of words originally without accent mark (OrNA for 'originally no accent'; Experiment 1) and words originally with an accent mark (OrWA for 'originally with accent'; Experiments 1 and 2). OrNA words were presented in three conditions: correctly spelled (e.g., dulce 'sweet'), with an added accent mark on the lexically stressed vowel (dúlce) and with a misplaced accent mark on the lexically non-stressed vowel (dulcé). Along the same line, OrWA words were also presented in three conditions: correctly spelled (e.g., lápiz 'pen'), without the accent mark (lapiz) and with a misplaced accent mark (lapíz).Taken together, the results showed that the accent mark plays a role in the visual word recognition in Spanish. More specifically, the addition and/or the misplacement of an accent mark significantly slow down the visual recognition of the words, whereas the omission of the accent mark does not. The findings are discussed within the framework of dual-route models.Keywords: Spanish; accent mark; visual word recognition; lexical stress; lexical access. RESUMEN:Marca acentual y reconocimiento visual de palabras en español.-Esta investigación tiene como meta determinar en qué medida un error ortográfico relativo al acento gráfico (i.e., tilde) afecta al reconocimiento visual de las palabras en español. Para ello, realizamos dos experimentos de decisión léxica visual (sin producción de las palabras), en los que los participantes tenían que ignorar la presencia o ausencia del acento gráfico.Los estímulos se componían de palabras originalmente sin acento gráfico (OrNA para 'originally no accent'; Experimento 1) y palabras originalmente con acento gráfico (OrWA para 'originally with accent'; Experimentos 1 y 2). Las palabras OrNA se presentaron en tres condiciones: correctamente ortografiadas (p. ej., dulce), con un acento gráfico en la vocal tónica (dúlce) y con un acento mal colocado en la vocal átona (dulcé). Asimismo, las palabras OrWA también se presentaron en tres condiciones: correctamente ortografiadas (p. ej., lápiz), sin el acento gráfico (lapiz) y con el acento gráfico mal colocado (lapíz).Los resultados mostraron que el acento gráfico desempeña un papel en el reconocimiento visual de las palabras. Más específicamente, la adición y/o la mala colocación del acento gráfico ralentizan significativamente el reconocimiento visual de las palabras, mientras que la omisión del acento gráfico no lo dificulta. Discutimos los resultados dentro del marco de los modelos de doble ruta.Palabras clave: español; acento gráfico; reconocimiento visual; acento léxico; acceso al léxico.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accent mark and visual word recognition in Spanish

Schwab¹

2015

loquens

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“…Orthographic and phonological neighborhood size information was obtained from the CLEARPOND database ( [45], http://clearpond.northwestern.edu/). Age of acquisition norms were obtained from http://crr.ugent.be/ archives/1602 [46].…”

Section: Eye-movement Data Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Style During Literary Reading: Insights from Eye-Tracking

et al. 2016

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Style is an important aspect of literature, and stylistic deviations are sometimes labeled foregrounded, since their manner of expression deviates from the stylistic default. Russian Formalists have claimed that foregrounding increases processing demands and therefore causes slower reading -an effect called retardation. We tested this claim experimentally by having participants read short literary stories while measuring their eye movements. Our results confirm that readers indeed read slower and make more regressions towards foregrounded passages as compared to passages that are not foregrounded. A closer look, however, reveals significant individual differences in sensitivity to foregrounding. Some readers in fact do not slow down at all when reading foregrounded passages. The slowing down effect for literariness was related to a slowing down effect for high perplexity (unexpected) words: those readers who slowed down more during literary passages also slowed down more during high perplexity words, even though no correlation between literariness and perplexity existed in the stories. We conclude that individual differences play a major role in processing of literary texts and argue for accounts of literary reading that focus on the interplay between reader and text.

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“…Values were taken from the online database CLEARPOND providing phonological neighborhood information in Spanish (Marian et al, 2012). To standardize, the summed biphone probabilities were divided by word length measured as number of phonemes.…”

Section: Predictor Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciling phonological neighborhood effects in speech production through single trial analysis

Sadat

Martin

Costa

et al. 2014

Cognitive Psychology

117

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A crucial step for understanding how lexical knowledge is represented is to describe the relative similarity of lexical items, and how it influences language processing. Previous studies of the effects of form similarity on word production have reported conflicting results, notably within and across languages. The aim of the present study was to clarify this empirical issue to provide specific constraints for theoretical models of language production. We investigated the role of phonological neighborhood density in a large-scale picture naming experiment using finegrained statistical models. The results showed that increasing phonological neighborhood density has a detrimental effect on naming latencies, and re-analyses of independently obtained data sets provide supplementary evidence for this effect. Finally, we reviewed a large body of evidence concerning phonological neighborhood density effects in word production, and discussed the occurrence of facilitatory and inhibitory effects in accuracy measures. The overall pattern shows that phonological neighborhood generates two opposite forces, one facilitatory and one inhibitory. In cases where speech production is disrupted (e.g. certain aphasic symptoms), the facilitatory component may emerge, but inhibitory processes dominate in efficient naming by healthy speakers. These findings are difficult to accommodate in terms of monitoring processes, but can be explained within interactive activation accounts combining phonological facilitation and lexical competition. 2Reconciling phonological neighborhood effects in speech production through single trial analysis Native speakers of a language know a myriad of different words. This so-called mental lexicon is often described as an interconnected network in which representation distance may depend on meaning or form similarities among the words. One crucial step for understanding this network is to describe which kind of similarity influences language processing and how it modulates performance. In this context, the current research is concerned with the role of phonological similarity in word retrieval and speech production. This issue has been addressed in earlier theoretical work (e.g. Chen & Mirman, 2012;Dell & Gordon, 2003), but the empirical evidence on which this work is grounded remains controversial. Our goal in this article is to clarify the empirical facts regarding form similarity effects in speech production, and to integrate them within a single account. Clearing the empirical constraints will allow further refinement of theoretical models to advance our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying speech production.An approximation of how similar or interconnected a word is within the lexical network can be obtained by computing its phonological neighborhood density (PhND). PhND refers to the number of words that can be formed from a given word by substituting, adding or deleting one phoneme (Luce, 1986). For example, the word "bat" sounds similar to many other words (e.g., "cat", "fat",...

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CLEARPOND: Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood Densities

Cited by 312 publications

References 28 publications

Accent mark and visual word recognition in Spanish

Accent mark and visual word recognition in Spanish

Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Style During Literary Reading: Insights from Eye-Tracking

Reconciling phonological neighborhood effects in speech production through single trial analysis

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