Clearance pathways of near-infrared-II contrast agents

Abstract

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) bioimaging gradually becomes a vital visualization modality in the real-time investigation for fundamental biological research and clinical applications. The favorable NIR-II contrast agents are vital in NIR-II imaging technology for clinical translation, which demands good optical properties and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, most NIR-II contrast agents cannot be applied to clinical translation due to the acute or chronic toxicity caused by organ retention in vivo imaging. Therefore, it is critical to understand the pharmacokinetic properties and optimize the clearance pathways of NIR-II contrast agents in vivo to minimize toxicity by decreasing organ retention. In this review, the clearance mechanisms of biomaterials, including renal clearance, hepatobiliary clearance, and mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) clearance, are synthetically discussed. The clearance pathways of NIR-II contrast agents (classified as inorganic, organic, and other complex materials) are highlighted. Successively analyzing each contrast agent barrier, this review guides further development of the clearable and biocompatible NIR-II contrast agents.

Pathology‐Guided Cell Membrane‐Coated Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Efficient Multisynergistic Treatment of Periodontitis

“…Nanomaterials with poor biocompatibility would be scavenged by the mononuclear phagocytic system before exerting their expected effects, making periodontitis treatment difficult to achieve. [ 37 ] To evaluate the cytotoxicity of PM@RCM against hPDLSCs, CCK‐8 and LDH leakage assays were utilized to detect the survival of cells. After co‐cultured with different concentrations of PM@RCM for 1, 3, and 5 d, there was no significant difference in the cell viability of hPDLSCs between the groups, even at relatively high doses of PM@RCM ( Figure A).…”

Recent Progress in Molecular Probes for Imaging of Acute Kidney Injury

“…To mitigate toxicity caused by organ retention, it is crucial to understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these agents and optimize their in vivo clearance pathways. 35 Renal clearance-based fluorescence probes detect and monitor acute kidney injury Scheme 1. Different Categories of Fluorescent Probes (AKI) by utilizing the kidney's natural filtration and excretion processes.…”

“…The unsuitability of many contrast agents for clinical translation is attributed to acute or chronic toxicity caused by organ retention during in vivo imaging. To mitigate toxicity caused by organ retention, it is crucial to understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these agents and optimize their in vivo clearance pathways . Renal clearance-based fluorescence probes detect and monitor acute kidney injury (AKI) by utilizing the kidney’s natural filtration and excretion processes .…”

Recent Advances on NIR‐II Light‐Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy

“…Thus, combining NIR-II PTT with GT is expected to achieve an HPTT strategy with enhanced effectiveness against malignant tumors. [106,96,123,124] Therefore, the use of CDT/HPTT/GT combination for tumor treatment is increasingly recognized by researchers.…”