Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea

Kotta, Jonne; Bishop, Kevin; Kaasik, Ants; Liversage, Kiran; Rätsep, Merli; Barboza, Francisco R.; Bergström, Lena; Bergström, Per; Bobsien, Ivo; Díaz, Eliecer; Herkül, Kristjan; Jonsson, Per R.; Korpinen, Samuli; Kraufvelin, Patrik; Krost, Peter; Lindahl, Odd; Lindegarth, Mats; Lyngsgaard, Maren Moltke; Mühl, Martina; Sandman, Antonia Nyström; Orav‐Kotta, Helen; Orlova, M. I.; Skov, Henrik; Rissanen, Jouko; Šiaulys, Andrius; Vidaković, Aleksandar; Virtanen, Elina

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136144

Cited by 73 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Managing inputs of nutrients to watersheds and transports to coastal ecosystems can be augmented as needed. Examples include the following: (i) Recycle animal manure to cropland within watersheds has been shown to be an effective BMP that substantially reduces nutrient runoff (Strokal et al, 2020); (ii) Restore critical habitats (seagrass meadows, coral reefs, oyster reefs, mangrove forests and salt-marshes) to remove nutrients, increase sequestration of organic matter in benthic sediment, and increase rates of denitrification; (iii) Establish sustainable macroalgal and bivalve aquaculture systems to remove excess N and P (Burkholder and Shumway, 2011;Kellogg et al, 2014;Duarte and Krause-Jensen, 2018;Theuerkauf et al, 2019a,b;Kotta et al, 2020); and 37 Critical source areas are areas within a watershed that contribute a disproportionately large amount of nutrients to the identified water quality problems. They are generally considered to be places where high-level nutrient sources coincide with high nutrient transport potential.…”

Section: The Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

2020

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Coastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. Globally, ∼24% of the anthropogenic N released in coastal watersheds is estimated to reach coastal ecosystems. Seven contrasting coastal ecosystems subject to a range of riverine inputs of freshwater and nutrients are compared to better understand and manage this threat. The following are addressed: (i) impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on ecosystem services; (ii) how ecosystem traits minimize or amplify these impacts; (iii) synergies among pressures (nutrient enrichment, over fishing, coastal development, and climate-driven pressures in particular); and (iv) management of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. This comparative analysis shows that "trophic status," when defined in terms of the level of primary production, is not useful for relating anthropogenic nutrient loading to impacts. Ranked in terms of the impact of cultural eutrophication, Chesapeake Bay ranks number one followed by the

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Section: The Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

2020

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“…99 % of all total dissolved inorganic carbon (C T ) and subsequently both A T and C T are tightly coupled (Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow, 2001). Along with C T , seawater [Ca 2+ ] also decreases linearly with salinity from the North Sea to the Baltic Proper (Kremling and Wilhelm, 1997). This decreasing availability of seawater Ca 2+ and C T puts pressure on calcifying organisms that extract these 2 substrates (Ca 2+ and C T ) from seawater for calcification.…”

Section: Baltic Sea Hydrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoupling salinity and carbonate chemistry: low calcium ion concentration rather than salinity limits calcification in Baltic Sea mussels

et al. 2021

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Abstract. The Baltic Sea has a salinity gradient decreasing from fully marine (> 25) in the west to below 7 in the central Baltic Proper. Habitat-forming and ecologically dominant mytilid mussels exhibit decreasing growth when salinity < 11; however, the mechanisms underlying reduced calcification rates in dilute seawater are not fully understood. Both [HCO3-] and [Ca2+] also decrease with salinity, challenging calcifying organisms through CaCO3 undersaturation (Ω≤1) and unfavourable ratios of calcification substrates ([Ca2+] and [HCO3-]) to the inhibitor (H+), expressed as the extended substrate–inhibitor ratio (ESIR). This study combined in situ monitoring of three southwest Baltic mussel reefs with two laboratory experiments to assess how various environmental conditions and isolated abiotic factors (salinity, [Ca2+], [HCO3-] and pH) impact calcification in mytilid mussels along the Baltic salinity gradient. Laboratory experiments rearing juvenile Baltic Mytilus at a range of salinities (6, 11 and 16), HCO3- concentrations (300–2100 µmol kg−1) and Ca2+ concentrations (0.5–4 mmol kg−1) reveal that as individual factors, low [HCO3-], pH and salinity cannot explain low calcification rates in the Baltic Sea. Calcification rates are impeded when Ωaragonite ≤ 1 or ESIR ≤ 0.7 primarily due to [Ca2+] limitation which becomes relevant at a salinity of ca. 11 in the Baltic Sea. Field monitoring of carbonate chemistry and calcification rates suggest increased food availability may be able to mask the negative impacts of periodic sub-optimal carbonate chemistry, but not when seawater conditions are permanently adverse, as observed in two Baltic reefs at salinities < 11. Regional climate models predict a rapid desalination of the southwest and central Baltic over the next century and potentially a reduction in [Ca2+] which may shift the distribution of marine calcifiers westward. It is therefore vital to understand the mechanisms by which the ionic composition of seawater impacts bivalve calcification for better predicting the future of benthic Baltic ecosystems.

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“…The persistence and magnitude of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea requires cost-effective measures to reduce nutrients and to achieve a good ecological status (GES) based on the Water Framework Directive (WFD, European Parliament, 2000) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, European Parliament, 2008). Extensive mussel aquaculture on longlines or tube-net systems (e.g., Smart Farm) is highly discussed as such a measure in the greater Baltic Sea (Lindahl and Kollberg, 2008;Stadmark and Conley, 2011;Petersen et al, 2012Petersen et al, , 2014Petersen et al, , 2019Nielsen et al, 2016;Hedberg et al, 2018;Gren, 2019;Taylor et al, 2019;Kotta et al, 2020). The amount of nutrients that can hereby be removed depends on several parameters, such as nutrient content of the mussels, growth rates, harvesting time, and farm set up (Capillo et al, 2018;Taylor et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to the extent which environmental parameters (salinity, chl-a, temperature) influence the nutrient content within mussels has not been exhaustively investigated. Previous studies (Hedberg et al, 2018;Buer et al, 2020;Holbach et al, 2020;Kotta et al, 2020) report a fluctuating nutrient content of blue mussels across the Baltic Sea but base their estimation of total mitigation potentials rather on different growth rates and an average nutrient content. Besides area-specific growth rates, it is important to evaluate the parameters that affect the actual nitrogen and phosphorus content stored in mussel tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen and Phosphorous Content in Blue Mussels (Mytilus spp.) Across the Baltic Sea

et al. 2020

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To support the ongoing discussion about mussel farming and the potential to extract nutrients from the sea, this study investigated the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content of blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) under different abiotic and biotic parameters. The focus of this survey was on the highly eutrophied Baltic Sea, where salinity ranges from 4 to 27 psu, and is a major contributing factor to differential mussel growth. We observed that nutrient content was not linearly correlated to salinity, but if categorized, decreased at higher salinities. Chlorophyll-a and temperature did not significantly correlate with nutrient content, but season of harvest and mussel size did. Furthermore, habitat was a strong driver of nutrient content, indicating higher nutrient density if mussels are grown in mussel farms (i.e., in the water column) instead of on mussel culture beds or harvested from wild beds (on the sea bed). Values of N and P averaged 5.85% N and 0.83% P of tissue dry weight in mussels at the sea bed and 9.43% N and 0.96% P of tissue dry weight in mussels from longline cultivation. These results will be useful in refining estimations about mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation measure and the extraction potential, as well as related costs.

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Cleaning up seas using blue growth initiatives: Mussel farming for eutrophication control in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 73 publications

References 55 publications

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

Decoupling salinity and carbonate chemistry: low calcium ion concentration rather than salinity limits calcification in Baltic Sea mussels

Nitrogen and Phosphorous Content in Blue Mussels (Mytilus spp.) Across the Baltic Sea

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