Classification of Vaccines

Kallerup, Rie Selchau; Foged, Camilla

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_2

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The first vaccine was developed almost 200 years ago when Edward Jenner employed cowpox virus to immunize individuals towards smallpox (Riedel 2005). However, the new era in development of vaccine began when Louis Pasteur established the principle of purification and injection of microorganisms to the host to induce immune responses (Kallerup and Foged 2015). During the last century, notable successes were achieved in the field of vaccine development; for instance, the smallpox and rinderpest were eradicated and measles, polio, and tetanus diseases were controlled effectively through vaccination (Greenwood 2014).…”

Section: Vaccine Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smallpox vaccine derived from cowpox was the first viral attenuated vaccine which was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 (Riedel 2005 (Ravanfar et al 2009) (Kallerup and Foged 2015).…”

Section: Live Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inactivated vaccines are the killed version of pathogens resulting from pathogens inactivation by physical (heat) or chemical (formaldehyde) agents so that pathogen can induce immune responses without replication in the host. Although the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines is lower due to conformational changes of antigens inducing immune responses (Pöri and Pinja 2018), they are extremely safe due to losing the replication ability (Kallerup and Foged 2015). Until now, several inactivated vaccines have been developed and licensed such as Typhoid vaccine, AGRIFLU ® as a trivalent vaccine against influenza type A and B viruses, Havrix ® (GSK) to prevent Hepatitis A disease and IPOL ® (Sanofi Pasteur) that targets Poliovirus (Pöri and Pinja 2018).…”

Section: Inactivated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current trends in targeted therapy for drug-resistant infections

Rahbarnia

Farajnia

Naghili

et al. 2019

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Escalating antibiotic resistance is now a serious menace to global public health. It may be led to the emergence of "postantibiotic age" in which most of infections are untreatable. At present, there is an essential need to explore novel therapeutic strategies as a strong and sustainable pipeline to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. This review focuses on recent advances in this area including therapeutic antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, gene therapy, genome editing, and phage therapy for tackling drug-resistant infections.

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Section: Vaccine Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smallpox vaccine derived from cowpox was the first viral attenuated vaccine which was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 (Riedel 2005 (Ravanfar et al 2009) (Kallerup and Foged 2015).…”

Section: Live Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inactivated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current trends in targeted therapy for drug-resistant infections

Rahbarnia

Farajnia

Naghili

et al. 2019

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…Arti cial immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insu cient time for the body to develop its own immune response. Active immunization which produces antibodies against a speci c agent after exposure to the antigen can be acquired through either natural infection with a microbe or through administration of a vaccine that can consist of attenuated (weakened) pathogens or inactivated organisms [2,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Immunization Data Quality of Routine Reports in Ho Municipality of Volta Region, Ghana

Asem

Ziema

2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: Immunization has been an important public health intervention for preventing and reducing child morbidity and mortality over the years and coverage has increased in the past decades. However, the validity of the data from immunization coverages is usually disputed. Immunization data from health facilities show poor concordance between tallied registers and monthly reports as they are reported to higher levels of the health system. The study assessed the quality of data from routine immunization of some health facilities in the Ho central municipality in the Volta region of Ghana.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to review routine immunization data in tallied registers and reports submitted to the Municipal Health Directorate (MHD) from January to December, 2015. Simple random sampling was used to select three health facilities in Ho central municipality. The Data Quality Self-assessment tool (DQS) was the main instrument used to present and analyze data for accuracy and discrepancy level between the tallied registers and reports. A template was created in Microsoft excel which automatically presented accuracy and discrepancy levels when data was entered. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee. Results: The result showed discrepancies between recounted tallies at the facilities and reports submitted to the MHD. Accuracy ratios of 102%, 64% and 94% for Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), Pentavalent (Penta) vaccine dose 3 and Measles 2 respectively indicating underreporting for BCG and over reporting for the rest were obtained. There was 460 over reported data to the municipal level representing accuracy ratio of 80% and discrepancy level of 20%. Conclusions: Immunization data was characterized by underreporting and overreporting, hence not accurate and lacked quality. Immunization data quality should be a priority among health staff at health facilities.

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“…In general, there are several approaches to design vaccines against microbial infection including living, inactivated, subunit, toxoids, conjugate, DNA, recombinant vector and peptide vaccines. Fundamental information about the microbe such as life cycle, virulence factor(s) and host cell receptor(s) as well as practical considerations, such as the area where vaccine is used and prevalence play key roles in select the type of vaccine (6). The preparation of a vaccine against HCV needs some basic considerations about the HCV structure and the most important components in its replication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine For Cross Protection Against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): An Immunoinformatics Approach

2017

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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic human hepatitis infections. Due to the high genetic diversity and high rates of mutations in the genetic material, so far there has been no approved vaccine against HCV. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine conserved Band T-cell epitopes of E1 and E2 proteins from HCV and to construction a chimeric peptide as a novel epitope-based vaccine for cross-protection against the virus. To this end, one B-and one T-cell epitope from both E1 and E2 which were predicted by EPMLR and Propred-1 server and had the highest score and antigenicity in VaxiJen 2.0 and PAP servers were selected for the construction of chimeric protein as a multi-epitope vaccine. Results:The results of this study showed that the chimeric peptide had a high antigenicity score and stability. Results also showed that most epitopes of E1 were located in two spectra consist of 45-65, 88-107 and 148-182 while the results of Bcell epitopes of E2 showed that this protein had fewer epitopes than E1. The epitopes predicted for E2 were located in (12-24 and 35-54) spectra. Conclusion:In conclusion, epitope-based vaccine which was designed by immunoinformatics methods could be considered as a novel and effective vaccine for cross-protection against HCV infection.

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Classification of Vaccines

Cited by 36 publications

References 41 publications

Current trends in targeted therapy for drug-resistant infections

Current trends in targeted therapy for drug-resistant infections

Assessment of Immunization Data Quality of Routine Reports in Ho Municipality of Volta Region, Ghana

A Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine For Cross Protection Against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): An Immunoinformatics Approach

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