Classification of stationary phases and other materials by gas chromatography

Abraham, Michael H.; Poole, Colin F.; Poole, Salwa K.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00930-3

Cited by 350 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…The basicity of the RTILs is probably mainly due to the counteranion. It is known 26 that the basicity of the ionic liquid GC stationary phases depends on the anionsthe more the negative charge is dispersed in the anion, the less basic is the ionic salt. The P2000 ABS is different to the extent that, as regards basicity, the system resembles the octanolwater system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Novel Liquid Partitioning Systems: Water−Ionic Liquids and Aqueous Biphasic Systems

Abraham¹,

Zissimos²,

Huddleston³

et al. 2003

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

187

152

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Partition coefficients, as values of log P, between water and two room-temperature ionic liquids and between water and an aqueous biphasic system have been correlated with Abraham's solute descriptors to yield linear free energy relationships that can be used to predict further values of log P, to ascertain the solute properties that lead to increased or decreased log P values, and to characterize the partition systems. It is shown that, in all three of the systems, an increase in solute hydrogen-bond basicity leads to a decrease in log P and an increase in solute volume leads to an increase in log P. For the two ionic liquid systems, an increase in solute hydrogenbond acidity similarly decreases log P, but for the aqueous biphasic system, solute hydrogenbond acidity has no effect on log P. These effects are rather smaller than those observed in traditional water-solvent systems. However, the ionic liquids appear to have an increased affinity for polyaromatic hydrocarbons as compared to traditional organic solvents. Principal component analysis and nonlinear mapping show that the three unconventional partition systems are considerably different from conventional water-organic solvent systems. IntroductionA major contemporary industrial challenge is to continued manufacturing beneficial chemical products while eliminating or substantially reducing the detrimental environmental consequences of the processes adopted. The Montreal Protocol 1 identified the need to reevaluate chemical processes to take account of their environmental impact, especially with regard to the use of volatile organic solvents. In addition, some 90% of hazardous waste is aqueous in nature, 2 and thus, industry is reliant upon efficient separations from liquid media. To this end, liquid-liquid separations are widely applied in the chemical process industry. Typically, because of their immiscibility with water, volatile organic solvents are often employed in such processes. 3 Taken together, these issues suggest that the elimination of the use of flammable toxic and volatile organic solvents in separations processing represents a significant step in the creation of a sustainable industrial technology. 4 A number of different approaches to this problem have been identified, including solvent-free synthesis, the use of water as a solvent, 5 the use of supercritical fluids, 6 and the use of ionic liquids. Recently, roomtemperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have received worldwide attention 7,8 as replacements for organic solvents in catalysis, 9 synthesis, 10,11 and separations processes. 12,13 Room-temperature ionic liquids, in contrast to conventional ionic liquids such as molten sodium chloride, which are only liquids at temperatures above 800°C, represent ionic salts that are liquid at room temperature. Many RTILs are liquids over a wide temperature range, and RTILs with melting points as low as -96°C are known. The constituents of many RTILs (being ionic) are constrained by high Coulombic forces and thus exert practically no vapor pressure abo...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Novel Liquid Partitioning Systems: Water−Ionic Liquids and Aqueous Biphasic Systems

Abraham¹,

Zissimos²,

Huddleston³

et al. 2003

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

187

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[1][2][3] Among these, open-tubular capillary columns have been successfully introduced especially for high-resolution analysis, although conventional packed columns are still employed for the routine separation of a certain class of compounds due to a unique selectivity, as a GC stationary phase, that could not be easily obtained with the typical liquid stationary phase of conventional open-tubular columns. In contrast to the unique selectivity of the conventional particle-packed columns, however, only a limited number of column efficiency could be attained, as expected from a theoretical comparison with open-tubular columns, and also from a difficultly in using a rapid temperature-programming rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Temperature-Programmed Separation and Retention Prediction on a Novel Packed-Capillary Column in Gas Chromatography

et al. 2010

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“…1,2 Various deactivation and polymer-coating processes have been also proposed for the preparation of GC columns with good separation performance and stability. [3][4][5][6] In contrast to the successful applications and subsequent commercialization of these polymer-coated columns, such as wall-coated, support-coated and pellicular-coated, the reports for the fibrous polymer-packed stationary phases, however, have been limited, except for characterizing the surface of the fibers in inverse GC (IGC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Coated Fibrous Stationary Phases in Packed-Capillary Gas Chromatography

et al. 2004

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Gas chromatography (GC) is regarded as an essential separation method for the analysis of volatile compounds, and a wide variety of polymeric liquid-phases have been developed as the stationary phase. 1,2 Various deactivation and polymer-coating processes have been also proposed for the preparation of GC columns with good separation performance and stability. [3][4][5][6] In contrast to the successful applications and subsequent commercialization of these polymer-coated columns, such as wall-coated, support-coated and pellicular-coated, the reports for the fibrous polymer-packed stationary phases, however, have been limited, except for characterizing the surface of the fibers in inverse GC (IGC). 7,8 In general, the surface characteristics of the fiber have been analyzed with IGC technique by injecting the standard samples into a fiber-packed column and measuring the elution behavior. This characterization method is based on the observation of the specific interactions between the surface of the fibers and the standard solutes injected as the probes. Consequently, it is quite natural that a synthetic fiber can be employed as a separation medium in GC, if the fiber possesses both the thermal stability for the operation at an elevated temperature and the resistance to the gaseous chemical species through the column during the separation.In terms of the use of fibrous stationary phase in liquid phase separation methods, several applications have been reported. Kiso et al. introduced fibrous cellulose acetate (CA) stationary phase for the separation of alcohols 9 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 10 in microcolumn LC, and Jinno et al.reported the application of CA phase in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). 11,12 Recently, the possibility of the several synthetic fibers as the stationary phase in CEC 13 was also demonstrated. Although the separation efficiency of those columns was still not comparable with those of conventional particle-packed columns such as octadecylsilica (ODS) phase, and moreover, there were several limitations on the mobile phase composition and the packing density, still it has been clearly shown that the packed filaments could play the role as a stationary phase. Saito et al. have also reported the successful applications of fibrous polymeric material as an extraction medium for novel miniaturized sample preparations specially designed for the on-line coupling to microcolumn liquid phase separation methods. 14-22 On the basis of the above successful applications of fibrous materials as the stationary phase and the extraction medium, fiber-packed fused-silica capillaries have been introduced in our previous study for the separation of volatile compounds in GC. 23In this work, polymer coating onto the packed-filaments in a capillary was investigated using several conventional polymeric materials as the liquid-phase for capillary GC columns. As the fibrous material, Zylon ® [poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)] fiber ( Fig. 1) was employed, taking into account the heat resistance...

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Classification of stationary phases and other materials by gas chromatography

Cited by 350 publications

References 142 publications

Some Novel Liquid Partitioning Systems: Water−Ionic Liquids and Aqueous Biphasic Systems

Some Novel Liquid Partitioning Systems: Water−Ionic Liquids and Aqueous Biphasic Systems

Rapid Temperature-Programmed Separation and Retention Prediction on a Novel Packed-Capillary Column in Gas Chromatography

Polymer-Coated Fibrous Stationary Phases in Packed-Capillary Gas Chromatography

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