Classification of Red Wines Produced from Zweigelt and Rondo Grape Varieties Based on the Analysis of Phenolic Compounds by UPLC-PDA-MS/MS

Abstract

The authentication of grape variety from which wine is produced is necessary for protecting a consumer from adulteration and false labelling. The aim of this study was to analyze phenolic compounds in red monovarietal wines produced from Zweigelt (Vitis vinifera) and Rondo (non-Vitis vinifera) varieties while using the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method and to assess whether these wines can be classified according to grape variety that is based on chemometric analysis. Fifty-five phenolic compounds belonging to five classes—anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes—were identified and quantified in Zweigelt and Rondo wines. The wines of the Zweigelt variety were characterized by lower concentrations of phenolic compounds than those of the Rondo variety. Furthermore, wines of the Zweigelt variety contained the highest concentrations of flavan-3-ols, and wines of the Rondo variety—the highest concentrations of anthocyanins. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Zweigelt wines and Rondo wines formed two separate groups. The Rondo group was divided into two subgroups, differing in type of malolactic fermentation (spontaneous or induced). Phenolic compounds analysis by means of UPLC-PDA-MS/MS combined with HCA is a useful tool for the classification of red wines that were produced from Zweigelt and Rondo grape varieties, regardless of yeast strain and type of malolactic fermentation.

Impact of Grape Variety, Yeast and Malolactic Fermentation on Volatile Compounds and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra in Red Wines

“…Details of winemaking are presented in our previous article [Stój et al, 2020b]. The grapes of Zweigelt and Rondo varieties were obtained from 'Małe Dobre' and 'Dom Bliskowice' vineyards, respectively.…”

“…It derives from a cross between two species of Vitis, Zarya severa × Saint Laurent [Wojdyło et al, 2018]. However, noble grape varieties, such as Zweigelt (Vitis vinifera), cover a small area of Poland [Stój et al, 2020b]. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on the varieties of grapes cultivated in Poland and the wine factors influencing the concentration of different classes of volatile compounds in red wines.…”

Phenolic Compounds as Markers of Wine Quality and Authenticity

“…The main stilbenes present in grapes and wine are resveratrol and piceid (resveratrol glucosides) in cis and trans isomeric forms ( Figure 5). Stilbenes have proved to be good discriminants of the grape variety [10,23,[37][38][39], grape species [5] and terroir [7,8,13,40] in white, rosé, and red wines.…”

“…Common wine adulteration cases in Poland are based on labeling wines made from hybrid Rondo (Vitis amurensis × Vitis vinifera) grapes as made with the Zweigelt (Vitis vinifera) grapes. To provide tools to discover these frauds, Stój et al [5] analyzed the content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and stilbenes of wines from both grape varieties. The 3,5-diglucosidic anthocyanins, Rondo wines had higher amounts of gallic acid and stilbenes (trans-piceid and cis-piceid).…”

“…Recently, over one million liters of counterfeit wine were discovered by the European Anti-Fraud Office [4]. Mislabeling of variety, geographical origin, or vintage year and adulteration with ethanol, sugar, and colorants are typical examples of frauds related to wine [5]. Therefore, the wine industry and consumers are highly concerned about the quality and authenticity of wine [6].…”