Classification as corrosive or irritant to skin of preparations containing acidic or alkaline substances, without testing on animals

Comparative assessment of 24-hr primary skin irritation test and human patch test data with <i>in vitro</i> skin irritation tests according to OECD Test Guideline 439 (for quasi-drugs in Japan)

“…For chemicals with pH ≤ 2.0 or pH ≥ 11.5, skin corrosion could be expected. However, it may also be important to take into consideration the acid/alkaline reserve (a measure of buffering capacity of a chemical) on skin (Young et al, 1988). The observation of only mild irritancy in rabbits may be the result of reduction by buffering ability on skin.…”

The effect of chemical composition on the leaching behaviour of electric arc furnace (EAF) carbon steel slag during a standard leaching test

“…37 Moreover, German legislation does not require any control on Ba 38 leaching, whereas the Ba limits in France and Spain are twice the 39 level of Italian limits. Also the V is considered differently in the 40 various EU countries: severe limits are set in Italy, Germany and 41 Spain, but not in France [10][11][12][13][14][15]. 42 To determine the concentration of leached elements every 43 country adopts a different test criteria that contributes 44 to confusion about slag environmental safety (Table 1), in 45 spite of the European Committee of Standardization (CEN) is 46 considering the introduction of common harmonized standards 47 [16,17].…”

Suitability of the isolated chicken eye test for classification of extreme pH detergents and cleaning products

“…b For acidic extreme pH formulations it represents (pH -1/12 acidic reserve), and is considered corrosive if 6 À0.5. For alkaline extreme pH formulations it represents (pH + 1/12 alkaline reserve), and is considered corrosive if P 14.5 (Young et al, 1988). c Based on a 10% solution.…”

“…However, it is equally important to take into account the acid/alkaline reserve indicating the buffering capacity of these mixtures, especially if based on ionic entities, in accordance with the current test guidelines (ECHA, 2014;OECD, 2012a;Young et al, 1988;Young and How, 1994). In particular, the EU guidance on the application of the CLP criteria states that mixtures having extreme pH (i.e., pH 6 2 or pH P 11.5), but with an acid/alkaline reserve that does not indicate corrosivity, can be tested using accepted and validated in vitro test methods for serious eye damage and eye irritation to generate data to classify the mixture instead of using the summation method (ECHA, 2013).…”

“…The 18 extreme pH formulations retrieved represented 9 alkaline extreme pH formulations (7 bleaches, 1 auto-dishwasher liquid and 1 laundry powder detergent) and 9 acidic extreme pH formulations (7 descalers and 2 dishwasher cleaners) and were distributed as 6 Category 1, 2 Category 2 and 10 Non-classified formulations for eye hazards based on their in vivo classifications according to the EU CLP/UN GHS. All 18 tested formulations had acidic/alkaline reserve indicating non-corrosivity to skin according to the method of Young (Young et al, 1988), and as such would require further confirmatory testing according to the current guidelines (ECHA, 2013; OECD, 2012a). Their use categories, pH and acidic/alkaline reserves are shown in Table 3, and their ranges of composition are given in Table 4.…”