Classification and Review of the Charging Strategies for Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The growing demand for lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery in electric vehicles has expedited the need for new optimal charging approaches to improve the speed and reliability of the charging process without deteriorating battery performances. Many efforts have been deployed to develop optimal charging strategies for commercial Li-ion batteries over the last decade. The active optimal charging strategies have great potential to meet the requirement. This paper is a review of the studies on constructing the optimal charging algorithms for Li-ion batteries. The battery models on which these protocols rest are stated, the generalized structures are examined, the advantages and the drawbacks of the mathematical controller algorithms are discussed, and their applications are presented. Suggestions for overcoming the shortcomings of the proposed strategies are proposed. Challenges and future directions in the development of optimal charging strategies for commercial Li-ion batteries are also discussed.INDEX TERMS Fast charging, optimal charging strategies, lithium-ion battery.

An Insight into Practical Solutions for Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grid

“…Detailed Description/Contribution [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Smart grid, Grid modernization, Integration of EVs, EV chargers, and infrastructure-Centralized and decentralized controlled algorithm, Challenge, Load control through smart metering [9][10][11] Demand side management, Three steps-approach (offline/online optimization), online learning, EVs and integration of renewable energy [12][13][14][15][16] Optimal scheduling of LTC and SSC, Real time coordination of EV charging, EV charging impacts, charging schemes and strategies, Smart Load Management, EVs and integration of renewable energy [17][18][19][20][21] Power quality concerns, Impact of EV battery chargers on residential networks, Harmonics. [22][23][24][25] EV charging impacts, charging schemes and strategies, EV Standard SAE 2010-2017 [26][27][28][29][30][31] Smart grid-Integration of EVs, survey and analysis, Fast charging, Dynamic charging EV charging impacts and mitigation, [32] Power quality, Harmonics in power systems [33,34] EV charging fact sheets online datasheet-BWMi3, Idaho national laboratory [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]…”

“…The EV control strategies need to be properly studied and investigated. The two most common strategies in EV charging are the random/uncontrolled strategy and coordinated/controlled charging strategy [28,29].…”

“…It is well-known that moderate and high EV penetrations in random strategies may lead to severe grid power quality and grid performance conditions and unacceptable voltage variations, especially during peak hours. Further, research studies have introduced new controlled schemes/charging strategies to resolve the abovementioned issues even with high EV penetrations [28][29][30][31].…”

“…The power quality is one of the main factors of the power distribution grid [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The injected current harmonics caused by EV battery chargers may lead to severe consequences, such as power quality issues, voltage sag, increasing distortion, and power losses, especially with the growth in EV demand.…”

Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation

“…The second one would be to enhance fast charging infrastructure around the world thus enabling the users the ability to recharge their vehicle more frequently. Out of these two possible solutions, the latter proves to be a more beneficial as well as economic [4][5][6].…”