Classical and Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms to SARS-CoV-2: Biotechnological Strategies and Genomic Variants

With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC), the implementation of vaccination is critically important. Existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses and germinal center responses, and form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some viral vector or mRNA vaccines may be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia and myocarditis, raising concerns about the safety of these COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we systemically assess the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including the possible complications and different effects on pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Based on the current analysis, governments and relevant agencies are recommended to continue to advance the vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to the health status of the vaccines, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring the lives and health of patients. In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvant to improve vaccine safety and efficacy could be considered.

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“… 93 Showed good results. 267 67.0%. 269 Ad26.COV-2-S /mRNA-1273 heterologous booster: 16-fold increase.…”

Section: Efficacy Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased secondary attack rate. Unknown 50% 267 48% 268 36.5% 262 Unknown 3.5-fold decrease of neutralizing antibody titers 263 88% 268 B.1.617.2 (Delta) 3.2–8 Increased risk of emergency care and hospitalization. Increased secondary attack rate.…”

Section: Efficacy Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Wang²,

Tian

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

227

211

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“…The same vector is used in Sputnik Light, (Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia (Sputnik Light)). The Sputnik Light vaccine has the advantage of forming strong immunity after a single injection, can be used as a booster, and is effective against the Delta and Omicron strains [ 20 ]; The Ad5-nCoV vaccine/Convidicea (CanSino Biologics, China (Ad5-nCoV)) is based on an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector [ 21 ]; The Sputnik V/Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine (Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia (Sputnik V)) contains Ad26 and Ad5 vectors [ 18 , 20 ]. …”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccine Platforms and Their Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Overview of Different Platforms

2022

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Vaccination has been identified as a critical method of disease control in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this review is to update information on vaccine development and to identify areas of concern that require further research. We reviewed the literature on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, their efficacy, and use in special populations, as well as current vaccination strategies. To date, 170 vaccines are in clinical development, with 41 being already approved for use in various countries. The majority of vaccines approved for human use are vector-, subunit-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, or inactivated viruses. Because of the ongoing mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, well-studied vector vaccines are losing relevance due to the ability of new virus strains to bypass neutralizing antibodies. Simultaneously, PS-based vaccines are becoming more popular. There is mounting evidence that the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines is linked to their clinical efficacy. This has resulted in a shift in vaccination strategies, as well as the use of booster doses and revaccination. Furthermore, vaccination restrictions for children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic immunosuppressive diseases have been lifted, allowing more people to be vaccinated. New data on vaccine safety, including the incidence of serious adverse events, have been collected. Despite significant advances in the development of and research on COVID-19 vaccines, many questions remain that require further investigation.

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“…3 Several lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have arisen, and five (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron) have been classified as variants of concern (VOC) by the WHO. 4 Vaccines, 5 monoclonal antibodies, 6 and small molecule drugs, 7 have all been rapidly developed and deployed clinically to aid in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting antiviral resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 main protease with computational and experimental screening

Sasi¹,

Ullrich²,

Ton³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for viral replication and has been the focus of many drug discovery efforts since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nirmatrelvir (NTV) is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro that is used in the combination drug Paxlovid for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. However, with increased use of NTV across the globe, there is a possibility that future SARS-CoV-2 lineages will evolve resistance to NTV. Early prediction and monitoring of resistance mutations could allow for measures to slow the spread of resistance and for the development of new compounds with activity against resistant strains. In this work, we have used in silico mutational scanning and inhibitor docking of Mpro to identify potential resistance mutations. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed five mutations (N142L, E166M, Q189E, Q189I, and Q192T) that reduce the potency of NTV and of a previously identified non-covalent cyclic peptide inhibitor of Mpro. The E166M mutation reduced the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of NTV 24-fold, and 118-fold for the non-covalent peptide inhibitor. Our findings inform the ongoing genomic surveillance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages.

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Classical and Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms to SARS-CoV-2: Biotechnological Strategies and Genomic Variants

Cited by 16 publications

References 50 publications

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Overview of Different Platforms

Predicting antiviral resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 main protease with computational and experimental screening

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