Classical and Inverted White's Effects

Ripamonti, Caterina; Gerbino, Walter

doi:10.1068/p3108

Cited by 26 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As flanking bar luminance increases within the range where flanking bar luminance and collinear bar luminance are both below or above the luminance of the test patch (the range which includes the simultaneous contrast stimuli), increasing flanking bar luminance results in a decrease in test patch matching luminance (again a contrast effect). Note that this latter condition is similar to that reported to produce “the inverted White effect” in which the effect is greatly reduced or appears to reverse (i.e., is in the direction of simultaneous contrast) when both inducing stripes are either above or below the luminance of the test patches (Ripamonti & Gerbino, 2001; Spehar, Gilchrist & Arend, 1995; Spehar, Clifford & Agostini, 2002). Over the regions of the matching functions corresponding to these stimuli (open circles and filled squares between 3.2 and 64 cd/m 2 and filled circles and open squares between 64 and 124.8 cd/m 2 ) there is very little difference (or indeed a reversal in test patch matching luminance) consistent with these reports.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Dissecting the influence of the collinear and flanking bars in White’s effect

2016

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In White’s effect equiluminant test patches placed on the black and white bars of a square-wave grating appear different in brightness. The illusion has generated intense interest because the direction of the brightness effect does not correlate with the amount of black or white border in contact with the test patch, or in its general vicinity. Therefore, unlike brightness induction effects such as simultaneous contrast, White’s effect is not consistent with explanations based on contrast or assimilation that depend solely on the relative amounts of black and white surrounding the test patches. We independently manipulated the luminance of the collinear and flanking bars to investigate their influence on test patch matching luminance (brightness). The inducing grating was a 0.5 c/d square-wave and test patches measured 1.0° in width and either 0.5° or 3.0° in height. Test patches measuring 0.5° in height had more extensive contact with the collinear bars and test patches measuring 3.0° in height had more extensive contact with the flanking bars. The luminance of the collinear (or flanking) bars assumed twenty values from 3.2 to 124.8 cd/m2, while the luminance of the flanking (or collinear) bars remained white (124.8 cd/m2) or black (3.2 cd/m2). Under these conditions the influence of the collinear and flanking bars was found to be purely in the direction of contrast. The effect was dominated by contrast from the collinear bars (which results in White’s effect), however, the influence of the flanking bars was also in the contrast direction. The data elucidate the luminance relationships between the collinear and flanking bars which produce the behavior associated with White’s effect as well as that associated with “the inverted White effect” which is akin to simultaneous contrast.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Dissecting the influence of the collinear and flanking bars in White’s effect

2016

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“…In White's display, the result is the inverted-White illusion (e.g. Ripamonti & Gerbino, 2001); in grating induction, the result is "visual phantoms" (Gyoba, 1983;. It is no accident that the same reversal also holds for the dungeon illusion (Bressan, 2006b;Bressan & Kramer, 2007), another lightness effect that, in DAT, is based on conflicting frameworks.…”

Section: Rationale Of Double Anchoringmentioning

confidence: 90%

The place of white in a world of grays: A double-anchoring theory of lightness perception.

Bressan

2006

Psychological Review

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1The specific grey shades in a visual scene can be derived from relative luminance values only when an anchoring rule is followed. The double-anchoring theory I propose in this paper, as a development of the anchoring theory of , assumes that any given region (a) belongs to one or more frameworks, created by Gestalt grouping principles, and (b) is independently anchored, within each framework, to both the highest luminance and the surround luminance. The region's final lightness is a weighted average of the values computed, relative to both anchors, in all frameworks. The new model not only accounts for all lightness illusions that are qualitatively explained by the anchoring theory but also for a number of additional effects, and it does so quantitatively, with the support of mathematical simulations.Keywords: lightness illusions, simultaneous lightness contrast, highest luminance, anchoring theories, illumination discounting All at once his white shirt blazed out, and I came out after him from shadow into full sunlight... -Ursula LeGuin, The Left Hand of DarknessOur visual world can be treated as a collection of groups of surfaces that belong together, either by design, like the black and white stripes on the zebra's back or the four regions in Figure 1a, or by accident, like the combination of sky fragments and tree branches through my window every morning at eight o'clock. Groups such as these have been called frameworks . Depending on the structural complexity of its context, a region can simultaneously belong to two or more nested frameworks, as is indeed the case with most objects in our visual experience. In the example of Figure 1a, what we may call the global 1 This article is a result of the cognitive dissonance stemming from my enchantment with the anchoring theory and my subsequent, and unplanned, experience of double-increment illusions. I am indebted to Peter Kramer, Dejan Todorović, Dave Rose, Ennio Mingolla, Luigi Burigana, Joe Cataliotti, Fred Bonato, Nicola Bruno, Tom Troscianko, Elias Economou, Suncica Zdravkovic, Piers Howe, Daniele Zavagno, and Fred Kingdom for their critical reading of one or the other of the several drafts of this manuscript. Special thanks to Alan Gilchrist for innumerable exchanges-an honor and a pleasure.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paola Bressan, Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy. E-mail: paola.bressan@unipd.it DOUBLE-ANCHORING THEORY OF LIGHTNESS framework (by temporarily ignoring the page and the visible rest of the room) is composed of two side-by-side local frameworks, each containing a grey patch on a uniform background. The interesting aspect of this familiar display is that the two patches are the same physical shade of grey, but the one in the black field appears lighter than the other. In spite of its apparent irrelevance to the issue of lightness, the multiple-framework idea, developed by Gilchrist and his collaborators, explains precisely why this should be so. The ...

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“…Such a situation should possibly call in for the invocation of the K channel and we find that this in fact can successfully explain the experimental observations as in Blakeslee and McCourt (1999) (Figs 12 and 13), including the perceived inhomogeneity within the test patches. Another interesting situation occurs for the double increment or the double decrement conditions of the White illusion (Ripamonti and Gerbino, 2001;Spehar et al, 1995). Here we deal with the instance of double increment (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Possible Role and Basis of Visual Pathway Selection in Brightness Induction

Ghosh

2012

Seeing and Perceiving

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It is a well-known fact that the perceived brightness of any surface depends on the brightness of the surfaces that surround it. This phenomenon is termed as brightness induction. Isotropic arrays of multi-scale DoG (Difference of Gaussians) as well as cortical Oriented DoG (ODOG) and extensions thereof, like the Frequency-specific Locally Normalized ODOG (FLODOG) functions have been employed towards prediction of the direction of brightness induction in many brightness perception effects. But the neural basis of such spatial filters is seldom obvious. For instance, the visual information from retinal ganglion cells to such spatial filters, which have been generally speculated to appear at the early stage of cortical processing, are fed by at least three parallel channels viz. Parvocellular (P), Magnocellular (M) and Koniocellular (K) in the subcortical pathway, but the role of such pathways in brightness induction is generally not implicit. In this work, three different spatial filters based on an extended classical receptive field (ECRF) model of retinal ganglion cells, have been approximately related to the spatial contrast sensitivity functions of these three parallel channels. Based on our analysis involving different brightness perception effects, we propose that the M channel, with maximum conduction velocity, may have a special role for an initial sensorial perception. As a result, brightness assimilation may be the consequence of vision at a glance through the M pathway; contrast effect may be the consequence of a subsequent vision with scrutiny through the P channel; and the K pathway response may represent an intermediate situation resulting in ambiguity in brightness perception. The present work attempts to correlate this phenomenon of pathway selection with the complementary nature of these channels in terms of spatial frequency as well as contrast.

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Classical and Inverted White's Effects

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Dissecting the influence of the collinear and flanking bars in White’s effect

Dissecting the influence of the collinear and flanking bars in White’s effect

The place of white in a world of grays: A double-anchoring theory of lightness perception.

A Possible Role and Basis of Visual Pathway Selection in Brightness Induction

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