Class B Fire-Extinguishing Performance Evaluation of a Compressed Air Foam System at Different Air-to-Aqueous Foam Solution Mixing Ratios

Rie, Dong-Ho; Lee, Jangwon; Kim, Seonwoong

doi:10.3390/app6070191

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the case of suppression, [1] focused mainly on traditional water-based fire extinguishing systems such as sprinkler systems. However, it must be noted that besides sprinkler systems, modern fire safety engineering includes a vast array of water-based suppression technologies, such as high-pressure water mist suppression systems [4,5], high expansion foam systems [6] or water spray curtains used to mitigate hazards related to toxic gases [7,8]. Despite their well-known performance, in some areas of the modern industry, the release of water from water-based fire extinguishing systems can cause unacceptable losses.…”

Section: Fire Protection In Industrial Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modelling of the Fire Extinguishing Gas Retention in Small Compartments

Boroń¹,

Węgrzyński²,

Kubica³

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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Active fire protection systems are critical elements of good process safety. Among them, gaseous extinguishing systems provide quick, clean suppression and prolonged protection due to long retention process of the gas. Standard design methods do not provide sufficient tools for optimisation of the retention process, thus the necessity for development and validation of new tools and methods—such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This paper presents a simplified approach to CFD modelling, by the omission of the discharge phase of the gas system. As the flow field after discharge is stable and driven mainly by the hydrostatic pressure difference, buoyancy and diffusion, this simplified approach appears as an efficient and cost-effective approach. This hypothesis was tested through performing CFD simulations, and their comparison against experimental measurements in a bench scale in a small compartment (0.72 m3), for six mixtures that differ in their density. Modelling the retention of the standard IG55 mixture was very close to the experiment. Modelling of mixtures with a density close to the density of ambient air has proven to be a challenge. However, the obtained results had sufficient accuracy (in most cases relative error <10%). This study shows the viability of the simplified approach in modelling the retention process, and indicates additional benefits of the numerical analyses in the determination of the fire safety of protected premises.

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Section: Fire Protection In Industrial Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modelling of the Fire Extinguishing Gas Retention in Small Compartments

Boroń¹,

Węgrzyński²,

Kubica³

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The water content of the foam should be enough that allows it to flow around the structures and at the same time cover the birds on the floor [ 8 ]. Foam is a collection of air-filled bubbles derived from a solution of detergents and water [ 21 ]. Foam has been widely used by firefighting departments for extinguishing fires [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benson and colleagues [ 1 ] were first to report the application of CAF for depopulation of broilers. A CAF system consists of a centrifugal water pump, a foam concentrate proportioner, an air compressor, and a mixing chamber [ 21 , 40 ]. In a CAF system, compressed air agitates a foam solution in a mixing chamber to produce a finished foam [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depopulation of Caged Layer Hens with a Compressed Air Foam System

Gurung¹,

Hoffman²,

Stringfellow³

et al. 2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryReportable diseases, such as avian influenza, spread rapidly among poultry, resulting in the death of a large number of birds. Once such a disease has been diagnosed at a farm, infected and susceptible birds are rapidly killed to prevent the spread of the disease. The methods to eliminate infected caged laying hens are limited. An experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of foam made from compressed air, water, and soap to kill laying hens in cages. The study found that stress levels of the hens killed using compressed air foam in cages to be similar to the hens killed by carbon dioxide or the negative control. Hens exposed to carbon dioxide died earlier as compared to the foam methods. The authors conclude that application of compressed air foam in cages is an alternative to methods such as gas inhalation and ventilation shutdown to rapidly and humanely kill laying hens during epidemics.AbstractDuring the 2014–2015 US highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, 50.4 million commercial layers and turkeys were affected, resulting in economic losses of $3.3 billion. Rapid depopulation of infected poultry is vital to contain and eradicate reportable diseases like HPAI. The hypothesis of the experiment was that a compressed air foam (CAF) system may be used as an alternative to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation for depopulating caged layer hens. The objective of this study was to evaluate corticosterone (CORT) and time to cessation of movement (COM) of hens subjected to CAF, CO2 inhalation, and negative control (NEG) treatments. In Experiment 1, two independent trials were conducted using young and spent hens. Experiment 1 consisted of five treatments: NEG, CO2 added to a chamber, a CO2 pre-charged chamber, CAF in cages, and CAF in a chamber. In Experiment 2, only spent hens were randomly assigned to three treatments: CAF in cages, CO2 added to a chamber, and aspirated foam. Serum CORT levels of young hens were not significantly different among the CAF in cages, CAF in a chamber, NEG control, and CO2 inhalation treatments. However, spent hens subjected to the CAF in a chamber had significantly higher CORT levels than birds in the rest of the treatments. Times to COM of spent hens subjected to CAF in cages and aspirated foam were significantly greater than of birds exposed to the CO2 in a chamber treatment. These data suggest that applying CAF in cages is a viable alternative for layer hen depopulation during a reportable disease outbreak.

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“…A compressed air foam (CAF) system is a widely used firefighting technique which makes use of foam concentrate, water, and compressed air to make a finished foam [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. White and colleagues [ 29 ] reported that the application of disinfectants such as peroxyacetic acid and glutaraldehyde using a CAF system significantly reduces the aerobic bacterial population in commercial layer houses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Infused Compressed Air Foam for Depopulation of Caged Laying Hens

Gurung¹,

White²,

Archer³

et al. 2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryCompressed air, detergent, and water make up compressed air foam. Our laboratory has previously reported that compressed air foam may be an effective method for mass depopulation of caged layer hens. Gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, have also been used for poultry euthanasia and depopulation. The objective of this study was to produce compressed air foam infused with carbon dioxide or nitrogen to compare its efficacy against foam with air and gas inhalation methods (carbon dioxide or nitrogen) for depopulation of caged laying hens. The study showed that a carbon dioxide-air mixture or 100% nitrogen can replace air to make compressed air foam. However, the foam with carbon dioxide had poor foam quality compared to the foam with air or nitrogen. The physiological stress response of hens subjected to foam treatments with and without gas infusion did not differ significantly. Hens exposed to foam with nitrogen died earlier as compared to methods such as foam with air and carbon dioxide. The authors conclude that infusion of nitrogen into compressed air foam results in better foam quality and shortened time to death as compared to the addition of carbon dioxide. AbstractDepopulation of infected poultry flocks is a key strategy to control and contain reportable diseases. Water-based foam, carbon dioxide inhalation, and ventilation shutdown are depopulation methods available to the poultry industry. Unfortunately, these methods have limited usage in caged layer hen operations. Personnel safety and welfare of birds are equally important factors to consider during emergency depopulation procedures. We have previously reported that compressed air foam (CAF) is an alternative method for depopulation of caged layer hens. We hypothesized that infusion of gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), into the CAF would reduce physiological stress and shorten time to cessation of movement. The study had six treatments, namely a negative control, CO2 inhalation, N2 inhalation, CAF with air (CAF Air), CAF with 50% CO2 (CAF CO2), and CAF with 100% N2 (CAF N2). Four spent hens were randomly assigned to one of these treatments on each of the eight replication days. A total of 192 spent hens were used in this study. Serum corticosterone and serotonin levels were measured and compared between treatments. Time to cessation of movement of spent hens was determined using accelerometers. The addition of CO2 in CAF significantly reduced the foam quality while the addition of N2 did not. The corticosterone and serotonin levels of spent hens subjected to foam (CAF, CAF CO2, CAF N2) and gas inhalation (CO2, N2) treatments did not differ significantly. The time to cessation of movement of spent hens in the CAF N2 treatment was significantly shorter than CAF and CAF CO2 treatments but longer than the gas inhalation treatments. These data suggest that the addition of N2 is advantageous in terms of shortening time to death and improved foam quality as compared to the CAF CO2 treatment.

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Class B Fire-Extinguishing Performance Evaluation of a Compressed Air Foam System at Different Air-to-Aqueous Foam Solution Mixing Ratios

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Numerical Modelling of the Fire Extinguishing Gas Retention in Small Compartments

Numerical Modelling of the Fire Extinguishing Gas Retention in Small Compartments

Depopulation of Caged Layer Hens with a Compressed Air Foam System

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Infused Compressed Air Foam for Depopulation of Caged Laying Hens

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