Claisen–Schmidt condensation catalysis by natural phosphate

A study on the potential application of natural phosphate in photocatalytic processes

“…Some examples include Michael-addition [4], Knoevenagel [5] and Claysen-Schmidt [6,7] condensations, Diels-Alder reaction [8], Beckmann rearrangement [9,10] or transesterifications [11].…”

Catalysis by phosphates: A simple and efficient procedure for transesterification reaction

“…In recent decade, the use of natural phosphate (NP) in the organic transformation has been under attention [1][2][3][4][5] because this solid has several advantages, as it is cheap, readily available, stable, non-toxic, not a pollutant and recoverable and reusable. We have shown that its mild basic and acid properties can be exploited in many synthetic applications [1][2][3][4][5]. To improve the basic and acid activity of NP, we have doped it by zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 /NP) and potassium fluoride (KF/NP) and modified by sodium nitrate (Na/NP).…”

Synthesis of Substituted Stilbenes via the Knoevenagel Condensation

“…This condensation may be carried out in various homogeneous media using catalysts such as piperidine [1,2], amines, ammonia, and ammonium salts [3][4][5]. In recent years much attention has been focused to use of natural inorganic solids such as alumina [6,7], amino groups immobilized on silica gel [8], zinc, magnesium and aluminum oxides [9][10][11][12], resins [13] magnesium phosphate [14,15] and natural phosphate impregnated with sodium nitrate [16] to catalyze organic reactions in heterogeneous media.…”