Cladistic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares (Diptera, Cecicomyiidae, Asphondyliini) with evolutionary inferences on the gall inducer-host plant association and description of a new Brazilian species

Abstract

In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares based on morphological features. Cladistic analyses were conducted using 57 characters from 26 species. All species of Bruggmanniella except for B. byrsonimae were selected as ingroup and the genera Asphondylia Loew, Bruggmannia Tavares, Illiciomyia Tokuda, Parazalepidota Maia, Pseudasphondylia Monzen, Schizomyia Kieffer, and Lopesia Rü bsaamen as outgroup. We used characters from larvae, pupae, adults, and galls. The results of this study supported Bruggmanniella as the sister group of Pseudasphondylia. Bruggmanniella actinodaphnes Tokuda and Yukawa and B. cinnamomi Tokuda and Yukawa have been moved to genus Pseudasphondylia (Pseudasphondylia actinodaphnes (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov. and Pseudasphondylia cinnamomi (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov.). The new genus Odontokeros gen. nov. has been erected for the single species Odontokeros brevipes (Lin, Yang & Tokuda) comb. nov. In addition, we described a new Brazilian species, Bruggmanniella miconia Garcia, Lamas and Urso-Guimarães sp. nov. Identification keys to the New World species of Bruggmanniella are presented.

Another step towards understanding evolutionary changes inBruggmanniellaTavares, 1909 group (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliini)

“…The three genera share two separate teeth of the gonostylus and transverse rows of strong spines on the anterior half of the pupal tergites, indicating a close relationship among them, widely reported in the literature [2][3][4][5][6]. The analysis of Garcia et al [1] Simultaneously, seven new species of Bruggmanniella were described, B. litseae, B. sanlianensis, B. shianguei, and B. turoguei from Taiwan [7,8], and B. miconiae, B. notatae, and B. sideroxyli from Brazil [9]. Lin et al [8] also proposed an hypothesis for Bruggmanniella based on a molecular analysis allegedly conflicting with the hypothesis of Garcia et al [1].…”

“…The cladistic analysis was performed under the parsimony criterion with implicit weighting in TNT v1.5 (Willi Hennig Society Edition) [11], following the parameters described in Garcia et al [1]. The resulting tree was displayed in Adobe Illustrator CC software (17.0).…”

“…The phylogenetic hypothesis presented next is mainly derived from Garcia et al [1]. To update the analysis, we included the recently described species of Bruggmanniella: B. miconiae Two Australian species, B. bursaria (Felt) and B. orientalis (Felt) were tentatively transferred to Bruggmanniella in Kolesik and Gagné [10] based on the two separate teeth of the gonostylus.…”

“…Garcia et al [1] proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis for Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 based on morphological data of all life stages of twelve species described to date. To understand the evolution of the genus, the outgroup included six species of the Oriental genus Pseudasphondylia Monzen, 1955 and the species of the monotypic genus Illiciomyia Tokuda, 2004.…”

“…The analysis of Garcia et al [1] Simultaneously, seven new species of Bruggmanniella were described, B. litseae, B. sanlianensis, B. shianguei, and B. turoguei from Taiwan [7,8], and B. miconiae, B. notatae, and B. sideroxyli from Brazil [9]. Lin et al [8] also proposed an hypothesis for Bruggmanniella based on a molecular analysis allegedly conflicting with the hypothesis of Garcia et al [1].…”